diff --git a/collects/typed-racket/typecheck/tc-app/tc-app-main.rkt b/collects/typed-racket/typecheck/tc-app/tc-app-main.rkt
index 6db849a7..bd59c90c 100644
--- a/collects/typed-racket/typecheck/tc-app/tc-app-main.rkt
+++ b/collects/typed-racket/typecheck/tc-app/tc-app-main.rkt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
          "utils.rkt"
          syntax/parse racket/match 
          syntax/parse/experimental/reflect
-         (typecheck signatures check-below tc-funapp)
+         (typecheck signatures check-below tc-funapp tc-app-helper)
          (types utils abbrev)
          (rep type-rep filter-rep object-rep rep-utils)
          (for-template racket/base))
@@ -58,23 +58,19 @@
 
 
 (define (tc/app-regular form expected)
-  (syntax-parse form
+  (syntax-case form ()
     [(f . args)
-     (let* ([f-ty (single-value #'f)])
+     (let* ([f-ty (single-value #'f)]
+            [args* (syntax->list #'args)])
        (match f-ty
          [(tc-result1:
            (and t (Function:
-                   (list (and a (arr: (? (lambda (d)
-                                           (= (length d)
-                                              (length (syntax->list #'args))))
-                                         dom)
+                   (list (and a (arr: (? (λ (d) (= (length d) (length args*))) dom)
                                       (Values: (list (Result: v (FilterSet: (Top:) (Top:)) (Empty:))))
                                       #f #f (list (Keyword: _ _ #f) ...)))))))
-          ;(printf "f dom: ~a ~a\n" (syntax->datum #'f) dom)
-          (let ([arg-tys (map (lambda (a t) (tc-expr/check a (ret t)))
-                              (syntax->list #'args)
-                              dom)])
-            (tc/funapp #'f #'args f-ty arg-tys expected))]
+          (for ([a (in-list args*)] [t (in-list dom)])
+            (tc-expr/check a (ret t)))
+          (ret v)]
          [_
           (let ([arg-tys (map single-value (syntax->list #'args))])
             (tc/funapp #'f #'args f-ty arg-tys expected))]))]))
diff --git a/collects/typed-racket/types/subtype.rkt b/collects/typed-racket/types/subtype.rkt
index f3444ebd..281e6123 100644
--- a/collects/typed-racket/types/subtype.rkt
+++ b/collects/typed-racket/types/subtype.rkt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #lang racket/base
-(require (except-in "../utils/utils.rkt" infer)
+(require (except-in "../utils/utils.rkt" infer) racket/unsafe/ops
          (rep type-rep filter-rep object-rep rep-utils)
          (utils tc-utils)
          (types utils resolve base-abbrev numeric-tower substitute)
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 
 ;; exn representing failure of subtyping
 ;; s,t both types
-
 (define-struct (exn:subtype exn:fail) (s t))
 
 ;; subtyping failure - masked before it gets to the user program
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@
 ;; data structures for remembering things on recursive calls
 (define (empty-set) '())
 
-(define current-seen (make-parameter (empty-set) #;pair?))
+(define current-seen (make-parameter (empty-set)))
 
 (define (seen-before s t) (cons (Type-seq s) (Type-seq t)))
 (define (remember s t A) (cons (seen-before s t) A))
@@ -42,38 +41,28 @@
 (define (cached? s t)
   (hash-ref subtype-cache (cons (Type-seq s) (Type-seq t)) #f))
 
+(define-syntax-rule (handle-failure e)
+  (with-handlers ([exn:subtype? (λ (_) #f)])
+    e))
+
 ;; is s a subtype of t?
 ;; type type -> boolean
 (define/cond-contract (subtype s t)
   (c:-> (c:or/c Type/c Values?) (c:or/c Type/c Values?) boolean?)
-  (define k (cons (Type-seq s) (Type-seq t)))
-  (define lookup? (hash-ref subtype-cache k 'no))
-  (if (eq? 'no lookup?)
-      (let ([result (with-handlers
-                        ([exn:subtype? (lambda _ #f)])
-                      (and (subtype* (current-seen) s t) #t))])
-        (hash-set! subtype-cache k result)
-        result)
-      lookup?))
+  (define k (cons (unsafe-struct-ref s 0) (unsafe-struct-ref t 0)))
+  (define (new-val) 
+    (define result (handle-failure (and (subtype* (current-seen) s t) #t)))
+    (printf "subtype cache miss ~a ~a\n" s t)
+    result)
+  (hash-ref! subtype-cache k new-val))
 
 ;; are all the s's subtypes of all the t's?
 ;; [type] [type] -> boolean
-(define (subtypes s t)
-  (with-handlers
-      ([exn:subtype? (lambda _ #f)])
-    (subtypes* (current-seen) s t)))
+(define (subtypes s t) (handle-failure (subtypes* (current-seen) s t)))
 
 ;; subtyping under constraint set, but produces boolean result instead of raising exn
 ;; List[(cons Number Number)] type type -> maybe[List[(cons Number Number)]]
-(define (subtype*/no-fail A s t)
-  (with-handlers
-      ([exn:subtype? (lambda _ #f)])
-    (subtype* A s t)))
-
-;; type type -> (does not return)
-;; subtying fails
-#;
-(define (fail! s t) (raise (make-exn:subtype "subtyping failed" (current-continuation-marks) s t)))
+(define (subtype*/no-fail A s t) (handle-failure (subtype* A s t)))
 
 ;; check subtyping for two lists of types
 ;; List[(cons Number Number)] listof[type] listof[type] -> List[(cons Number Number)]