646 lines
18 KiB
HTML
646 lines
18 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Man page of GS</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY>
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<H1>GS</H1>
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Section: Ghostscript (1)<BR>Updated: 15 October 2019<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
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<A NAME="lbAB"> </A>
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<H2>NAME</H2>
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gs - Ghostscript (PostScript and PDF language interpreter and previewer)
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<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
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<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
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<B>gs</B> [ <I>options</I> ] [ <I>files</I> ] ...
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<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
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The <B>gs</B>
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command invokes <B>Ghostscript</B>, an interpreter of Adobe Systems'
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<B>PostScript</B>(tm) and <B>Portable Document Format</B> (PDF) languages.
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<B>gs</B> reads "files" in sequence and executes them as Ghostscript
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programs. After doing this, it reads further input from the standard input
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stream (normally the keyboard), interpreting each line separately and
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output to an output device (may be a file or an X11 window preview,
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see below). The
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interpreter exits gracefully when it encounters the "quit" command (either
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in a file or from the keyboard), at end-of-file, or at an interrupt signal
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(such as Control-C at the keyboard).
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<P>
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The interpreter recognizes many option switches, some of which are described
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below. Please see the usage documentation for complete information. Switches
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may appear anywhere in the command line and apply to all files thereafter.
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Invoking Ghostscript with the <B>-h</B> or <B>-?</B> switch produces a
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message which shows several useful switches, all the devices known to
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that executable, and the search path for fonts; on Unix it also shows the
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location of detailed documentation.
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<P>
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Ghostscript may be built to use many different output devices. To see
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which devices your executable includes, run "<B>gs -h</B>".
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<P>
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Unless you
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specify a particular device, Ghostscript normally opens the first one of
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those and directs output to it.
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<P>
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If you have installed the ghostscript-x Debian package and are under X,
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the default device is an X11 window (previewer), else ghostscript will
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use the bbox device and print on stdout the dimension of the postscript file.
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<P>
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So if the first one in the list is the one
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you want to use, just issue the command
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<P>
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<PRE>
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gs myfile.ps
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</PRE>
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<P>
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You can also check the set of available devices from within Ghostscript:
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invoke Ghostscript and type
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<P>
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<PRE>
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devicenames ==
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</PRE>
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<P>
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but the first device on the resulting list may not be the default device
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you determine with "<B>gs -h</B>". To specify "AbcXyz" as the
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initial output device, include the switch
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<P>
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<PRE>
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-sDEVICE=AbcXyz
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</PRE>
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<P>
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For example, for output to an Epson printer you might use the command
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<P>
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<PRE>
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gs -sDEVICE=epson myfile.ps
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</PRE>
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<P>
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The "-sDEVICE=" switch must precede the first mention of a file to print,
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and only the switch's first use has any effect.
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<P>
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Finally, you can specify a default device in the environment variable
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<B>GS_DEVICE</B>. The order of precedence for these alternatives from
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highest to lowest (Ghostscript uses the device defined highest in the list)
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is:
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<P>
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Some devices can support different resolutions (densities). To specify
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the resolution on such a printer, use the "-r" switch:
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<P>
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<PRE>
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gs -sDEVICE=<device> -r<xres>x<yres>
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</PRE>
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<P>
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For example, on a 9-pin Epson-compatible printer, you get the
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lowest-density (fastest) mode with
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<P>
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<PRE>
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gs -sDEVICE=epson -r60x72
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</PRE>
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<P>
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and the highest-density (best output quality) mode with
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<P>
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<PRE>
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gs -sDEVICE=epson -r240x72.
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</PRE>
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<P>
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If you select a printer as the output device, Ghostscript also allows you
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to choose where Ghostscript sends the output -- on Unix systems, usually
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to a temporary file. To send the output to a file "foo.xyz",
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use the switch
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<P>
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<PRE>
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-sOutputFile=foo.xyz
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</PRE>
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<P>
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You might want to print each page separately. To do this, send the output
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to a series of files "foo1.xyz, foo2.xyz, ..." using the "-sOutputFile="
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switch with "%d" in a filename template:
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<P>
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<PRE>
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-sOutputFile=foo%d.xyz
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</PRE>
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<P>
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Each resulting file receives one page of output, and the files are numbered
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in sequence. "%d" is a printf format specification; you can also use a
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variant like "%02d".
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<P>
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You can also send output to a pipe. For example, to
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pipe output to the "<B>lpr</B>" command (which, on many Unix systems,
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directs it to a printer), use the option
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<P>
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<PRE>
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-sOutputFile=%pipe%lpr
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</PRE>
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<P>
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You can also send output to standard output:
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<P>
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<PRE>
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-sOutputFile=-
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</PRE>
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or
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<PRE>
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-sOutputFile=%stdout%
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</PRE>
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<P>
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In this case you must also use the <B>-q</B> switch, to prevent Ghostscript
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from writing messages to standard output.
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<P>
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To select a specific paper size, use the command line switch
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<P>
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<PRE>
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-sPAPERSIZE=<paper_size>
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</PRE>
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<P>
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for instance
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<P>
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<PRE>
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-sPAPERSIZE=a4
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</PRE>
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or
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<PRE>
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-sPAPERSIZE=legal
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</PRE>
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<P>
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Most ISO and US paper sizes are recognized. See the usage documentation for
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a full list, or the definitions in the initialization file "gs_statd.ps".
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<P>
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Ghostscript can do many things other than print or view PostScript and
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PDF files. For example, if you want to know the bounding box of a
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PostScript (or EPS) file, Ghostscript provides a special "device" that
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just prints out this information.
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<P>
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For example, using one of the example files distributed with Ghostscript,
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<P>
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<PRE>
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gs -sDEVICE=bbox golfer.ps
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</PRE>
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<P>
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prints out
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<P>
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<PRE>
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%%BoundingBox: 0 25 583 732
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%%HiResBoundingBox: 0.808497 25.009496 582.994503 731.809445
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</PRE>
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<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
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<H2>OPTIONS</H2>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="1"><B>--</B><I> filename arg1 ...</I>
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<DD>
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Takes the next argument as a file name as usual, but takes all remaining
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arguments (even if they have the syntactic form of switches) and defines
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the name "ARGUMENTS" in "userdict" (not "systemdict") as an
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array of those strings, <B>before</B> running the file. When Ghostscript
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finishes executing the file, it exits back to the shell.
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<DT id="2"><B>-D</B><I>name</I><B>=</B><I>token</I>
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<DD>
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<BR>
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<DT id="3">
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<B>-d</B><I>name</I><B>=</B><I>token</I>
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<DD>Define a name in "systemdict" with the given definition. The token must be
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exactly one token (as defined by the "token" operator) and may contain no
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whitespace.
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<DT id="4"><B>-D</B><I>name</I>
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<DD>
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<BR>
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<DT id="5">
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<B>-d</B><I>name</I>
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<DD>Define a name in "systemdict" with value=null.
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<DT id="6"><B>-S</B><I>name</I><B>=</B><I>string</I>
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<DD>
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<BR>
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<DT id="7">
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<B>-s</B><I>name</I><B>=</B><I>string</I>
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<DD>Define a name in "systemdict" with a given string as value. This is
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different from <B>-d</B>. For example, <B>-dname=35</B> is equivalent to the
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program fragment
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<BR>
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<TT> </TT>/name 35 def<BR>
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<BR>
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whereas <B>-sname=35</B> is equivalent to
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<BR>
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<TT> </TT>/name (35) def<BR>
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<DT id="8"><B>-P</B>
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<DD>
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Makes Ghostscript to look first in the current directory for library files.
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By default, Ghostscript no longer looks in the current directory,
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unless, of course, the first explicitly supplied directory is "." in <B>-I</B>.
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See also the <B>INITIALIZATION FILES</B> section below, and bundled
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<B>Use.htm</B> for detailed discussion on search paths and how Ghostcript finds files.
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<DT id="9"><B>-q</B>
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<DD>
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Quiet startup: suppress normal startup messages, and also do the
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equivalent of <B>-dQUIET</B>.
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<DT id="10"><B>-g</B><I>number1</I><B>x</B><I>number2</I>
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<DD>
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Equivalent to <B>-dDEVICEWIDTH=</B><I>number1</I> and
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<B>-dDEVICEHEIGHT=</B><I>number2</I>. This is for the benefit of devices
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(such as X11 windows) that require (or allow) width and height to be
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specified.
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<DT id="11"><B>-r</B><I>number</I>
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<DD>
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<BR>
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<DT id="12">
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<B>-r</B><I>number1</I><B>x</B><I>number2</I>
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<DD>Equivalent to <B>-dDEVICEXRESOLUTION=</B><I>number1</I> and
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<B>-dDEVICEYRESOLUTION=</B><I>number2</I>. This is for the benefit of
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devices such as printers that support multiple X and Y resolutions. If
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only one number is given, it is used for both X and Y resolutions.
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<DT id="13"><B>-I</B><I>directories</I>
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<DD>
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Adds the designated list of directories at the head of the
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search path for library files.
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<DT id="14"><B>-</B>
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<DD>
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This is not really a switch, but indicates to Ghostscript that standard
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input is coming from a file or a pipe and not interactively from the
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command line. Ghostscript reads from standard input until it reaches
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end-of-file, executing it like any other file, and then continues with
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processing the command line. When the command line has been entirely
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processed, Ghostscript exits rather than going into its interactive mode.
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</DL>
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<P>
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Note that the normal initialization file "gs_init.ps" makes "systemdict"
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read-only, so the values of names defined with <B>-D</B>, <B>-d</B>,
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<B>-S</B>, or <B>-s</B> cannot be changed (although, of course, they can be
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superseded by definitions in "userdict" or other dictionaries.)
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<A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
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<H2>SPECIAL NAMES</H2>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="15"><B>-dNOCACHE</B>
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<DD>
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Disables character caching. Useful only for debugging.
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<DT id="16"><B>-dNOBIND</B>
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<DD>
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Disables the "bind" operator. Useful only for debugging.
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<DT id="17"><B>-dNODISPLAY</B>
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<DD>
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Suppresses the normal initialization of the output device.
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This may be useful when debugging.
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<DT id="18"><B>-dNOPAUSE</B>
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<DD>
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Disables the prompt and pause at the end of each page. This may be
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desirable for applications where another program is driving Ghostscript.
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<DT id="19"><B>-dNOPLATFONTS</B>
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<DD>
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Disables the use of fonts supplied by the underlying platform (for instance
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X Windows). This may be needed if the platform fonts look undesirably
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different from the scalable fonts.
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<DT id="20"><B>-dSAFER</B>
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<DD>
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Restricts file operations the job can perform. Strongly recommended for
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spoolers, conversion scripts or other sensitive environments where a badly
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written or malicious PostScript program code must be prevented from changing
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important files.
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<DT id="21"><B>-dWRITESYSTEMDICT</B>
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<DD>
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Leaves "systemdict" writable. This is necessary when running special
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utility programs, but is strongly discouraged as it bypasses normal Postscript
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security measures.
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<DT id="22"><B>-sDEVICE=</B><I>device</I>
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<DD>
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Selects an alternate initial output device, as described above.
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<DT id="23"><B>-sOutputFile=</B><I>filename</I>
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<DD>
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Selects an alternate output file (or pipe) for the initial output
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device, as described above.
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
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<H2>SAFER MODE</H2>
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<P>
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The
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<B>-dSAFER</B>
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option disables the "deletefile" and "renamefile" operators and prohibits
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opening piped commands ("%pipe%<I>cmd</I>"). Only "%stdout" and "%stderr" can be
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opened for writing. It also disables reading from files, except for "%stdin",
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files given as a command line argument, and files contained in paths given by
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LIBPATH and FONTPATH or specified by the system params /FontResourceDir and
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/GenericResourceDir.
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<P>
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This mode also sets the .LockSafetyParams parameter of the initial output device
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to protect against programs that attempt to write to files using the OutputFile
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device parameter. Since the device parameters specified on the command line,
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including OutputFile, are set prior to SAFER mode, use of "-sOutputFile=..." on
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the command line is unrestricted.
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<P>
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SAFER mode prevents changing the /GenericResourceDir, /FontResourceDir,
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/SystemParamsPassword, and /StartJobPassword.
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<P>
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While SAFER mode is not the default, it is the default for many wrapper scripts
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such as ps2pdf and may be the default in a subsequent release of Ghostscript.
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Thus when running programs that need to open files or set restricted parameters
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you should pass the
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<B>-dNOSAFER</B>
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command line option or its synonym
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<B>-dDELAYSAFER</B>.
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<P>
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When running with
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<B>-dNOSAFER</B>
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it is possible to perform a "save" followed by ".setsafe", execute a file or
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procedure in SAFER mode, and then use "restore" to return to NOSAFER mode. In
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order to prevent the save object from being restored by the foreign file or
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procedure, the ".runandhide" operator should be used to hide the save object
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from the restricted procedure.
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<A NAME="lbAH"> </A>
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<H2>FILES</H2>
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<P>
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The locations of many Ghostscript run-time files are compiled into the
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executable when it is built.
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Run "<B>gs -h</B>" to find the
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location of Ghostscript documentation on your system, from which you can
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get more details. On a Debian system they are in <B>/usr</B>.
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="24"><B>/usr/share/ghostscript/[0-9]*.[0.9]*/*</B>
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<DD>
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Startup files, utilities, and basic font definitions (where [0-9]*.[0.9]* is
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the ghostscript version)
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<DT id="25"><B>/usr/share/fonts/type1/gsfonts/*</B>
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<DD>
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More font definitions from the gsfonts package
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<DT id="26"><B>/usr/share/doc/ghostscript/examples/*</B>
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<DD>
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Ghostscript demonstration files (if ghostscript-doc package is installed)
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<DT id="27"><B>/usr/share/doc/ghostscript/*</B>
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<DD>
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Diverse document files (may need to install ghostscript-doc package)
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAI"> </A>
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<H2>INITIALIZATION FILES</H2>
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When looking for the initialization files "gs_*.ps", the files related to
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fonts, or the file for the "run" operator, Ghostscript first tries to open
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the file with the name as given, using the current working directory if no
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directory is specified. If this fails, and the file name doesn't specify
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an explicit directory or drive (for instance, doesn't contain "/" on Unix
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systems), Ghostscript tries directories in this
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order:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="28">1.<DD>
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the directories specified by the <B>-I</B> switches in the command
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line (see below), if any;
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<DT id="29">2.<DD>
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the directories specified by the <B>GS_LIB</B> environment variable,
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if any;
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<DT id="30">3.<DD>
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the directories specified by the <B>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</B> macro in the
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Ghostscript makefile when the executable was built.
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<B>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</B> is
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"/usr/share/ghostscript/[0-9]*.[0-9]*/lib"
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on a Debian system where
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"[0-9]*.[0-9]*" represents the Ghostscript version number
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</DL>
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<P>
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Each of these (<B>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</B>, <B>GS_LIB</B>, and <B>-I</B> parameter)
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may be either a single directory or a list of directories separated by
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":".
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<A NAME="lbAJ"> </A>
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<H2>ENVIRONMENT</H2>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="31"><B>GS_OPTIONS</B>
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<DD>
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String of options to be processed before the command line options
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<DT id="32"><B>GS_DEVICE</B>
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<DD>
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Used to specify an output device
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<DT id="33"><B>GS_FONTPATH</B>
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<DD>
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Path names used to search for fonts
|
|
<DT id="34"><B>GS_LIB</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Path names for initialization files and fonts
|
|
<DT id="35"><B>TEMP</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Where temporary files are made
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<A NAME="lbAK"> </A>
|
|
<H2>X RESOURCES</H2>
|
|
|
|
Ghostscript, or more properly the X11 display device, looks for the
|
|
following resources under the program name "Ghostscript":
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="36"><B>borderWidth</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
The border width in pixels (default = 1).
|
|
<DT id="37"><B>borderColor</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
The name of the border color (default = black).
|
|
<DT id="38"><B>geometry</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
The window size and placement, WxH+X+Y (default is NULL).
|
|
<DT id="39"><B>xResolution</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
The number of x pixels per inch (default is computed from <B>WidthOfScreen</B>
|
|
and <B>WidthMMOfScreen</B>).
|
|
<DT id="40"><B>yResolution</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
The number of y pixels per inch (default is computed from
|
|
<B>HeightOfScreen</B> and <B>HeightMMOfScreen</B>).
|
|
<DT id="41"><B>useBackingPixmap</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Determines whether backing store is to be used for saving display window
|
|
(default = true).
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
See the usage document for a more complete list of resources. To set these
|
|
resources on Unix, put them in a file such as "~/.Xresources" in the
|
|
following form:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
Ghostscript*geometry: 612x792-0+0
|
|
Ghostscript*xResolution: 72
|
|
Ghostscript*yResolution: 72
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Then merge these resources into the X server's resource database:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
% xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAL"> </A>
|
|
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
|
|
|
|
The various Ghostscript document files (above), especially <B>Use.htm</B>.
|
|
On Debian you may need to install ghostscript-doc before
|
|
reading the documentation.
|
|
<A NAME="lbAM"> </A>
|
|
<H2>BUGS</H2>
|
|
|
|
See <A HREF="http://bugs.ghostscript.com/">http://bugs.ghostscript.com/</A> and the Usenet news group
|
|
comp.lang.postscript.
|
|
<A NAME="lbAN"> </A>
|
|
<H2>VERSION</H2>
|
|
|
|
This document was last revised for Ghostscript version 9.50.
|
|
<A NAME="lbAO"> </A>
|
|
<H2>AUTHOR</H2>
|
|
|
|
Artifex Software, Inc. are the primary maintainers
|
|
of Ghostscript.
|
|
Russell J. Lang, gsview at ghostgum.com.au, is the author of
|
|
most of the MS Windows code in Ghostscript.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<HR>
|
|
<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="42"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="43"><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="44"><A HREF="#lbAD">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="45"><A HREF="#lbAE">OPTIONS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="46"><A HREF="#lbAF">SPECIAL NAMES</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="47"><A HREF="#lbAG">SAFER MODE</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="48"><A HREF="#lbAH">FILES</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="49"><A HREF="#lbAI">INITIALIZATION FILES</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="50"><A HREF="#lbAJ">ENVIRONMENT</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="51"><A HREF="#lbAK">X RESOURCES</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="52"><A HREF="#lbAL">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="53"><A HREF="#lbAM">BUGS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="54"><A HREF="#lbAN">VERSION</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="55"><A HREF="#lbAO">AUTHOR</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
This document was created by
|
|
<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
|
|
using the manual pages.<BR>
|
|
Time: 00:05:16 GMT, March 31, 2021
|
|
</BODY>
|
|
</HTML>
|