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<H1>LAST, LASTB</H1>
Section: User Commands (1)<BR>Updated: October 2013<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
<A NAME="lbAB">&nbsp;</A>
<H2>NAME</H2>
last, lastb - show a listing of last logged in users
<A NAME="lbAC">&nbsp;</A>
<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
<B>last</B>
[options]
[<I>username</I>...] [<I>tty</I>...]
<BR>
<B>lastb</B>
[options]
[<I>username</I>...] [<I>tty</I>...]
<A NAME="lbAD">&nbsp;</A>
<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
<B>last</B>
searches back through the
<I>/var/log/wtmp</I>
file (or the file designated by the
<B>-f</B>
option) and displays a list of all users logged in (and out) since that
file was created. One or more
<I>usernames</I> and/or <I>ttys</I>
can be given, in which case
<B>last</B>
will show only the entries matching those arguments. Names of
<I>ttys</I>
can be abbreviated, thus
<B>last 0</B>
is the same as
<B>last tty0</B>.
<P>
When catching a SIGINT signal (generated by the interrupt key, usually
control-C) or a SIGQUIT signal,
<B>last</B>
will show how far it has searched through the file; in the case of the
SIGINT signal
<B>last</B>
will then terminate.
<P>
The pseudo user
<B>reboot</B>
logs in each time the system is rebooted. Thus
<B>last reboot</B>
will show a log of all the reboots since the log file was created.
<P>
<B>lastb</B>
is the same as
<B>last</B>,
except that by default it shows a log of the
<I>/var/log/btmp</I>
file, which contains all the bad login attempts.
<A NAME="lbAE">&nbsp;</A>
<H2>OPTIONS</H2>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT id="1"><B>-a</B>,<B> --hostlast</B>
<DD>
Display the hostname in the last column. Useful in combination with the
<B>--dns</B>
option.
<DT id="2"><B>-d</B>,<B> --dns</B>
<DD>
For non-local logins, Linux stores not only the host name of the remote
host, but its IP number as well. This option translates the IP number
back into a hostname.
<DT id="3"><B>-f</B>,<B> --file </B><I>file</I>
<DD>
Tell
<B>last</B>
to use a specific <I>file</I> instead of
<I>/var/log/wtmp</I>.
The
<B>--file</B>
option can be given multiple times, and all of the specified files will be
processed.
<DT id="4"><B>-F</B>,<B> --fulltimes</B>
<DD>
Print full login and logout times and dates.
<DT id="5"><B>-i</B>,<B> --ip</B>
<DD>
Like
<B>--dns ,</B>
but displays the host's IP number instead of the name.
<DT id="6"><B>-</B><I>number</I>
<DD>
<B>-n</B>,<B> --limit </B><I>number</I>
Tell
<B>last</B>
how many lines to show.
<DT id="7"><B>-p</B>,<B> --present </B><I>time</I>
<DD>
Display the users who were present at the specified time. This is
like using the options
<B>--since</B> and <B>--until</B>
together with the same <I>time</I>.
<DT id="8"><B>-R</B>,<B> --nohostname</B>
<DD>
Suppresses the display of the hostname field.
<DT id="9"><B>-s</B>,<B> --since </B><I>time</I>
<DD>
Display the state of logins since the specified
<I>time</I>.
This is useful, e.g., to easily determine who was logged in at a
particular time. The option is often combined with
<B>--until</B>.
<DT id="10"><B>-t</B>,<B> --until </B><I>time</I>
<DD>
Display the state of logins until the specified
<I>time</I>.
<DT id="11"><B>--time-format</B><I> format</I>
<DD>
Define the output timestamp
<I>format</I>
to be one of
<I>notime</I>,
<I>short</I>,
<I>full</I>,
or
<I>iso</I>.
The
<I>notime</I>
variant will not print any timestamps at all,
<I>short</I>
is the default, and
<I>full</I>
is the same as the
<B>--fulltimes</B>
option. The
<I>iso</I>
variant will display the timestamp in ISO-8601 format. The ISO format
contains timezone information, making it preferable when printouts are
investigated outside of the system.
<DT id="12"><B>-w</B>,<B> --fullnames</B>
<DD>
Display full user names and domain names in the output.
<DT id="13"><B>-x</B>,<B> --system</B>
<DD>
Display the system shutdown entries and run level changes.
</DL>
<A NAME="lbAF">&nbsp;</A>
<H2>TIME FORMATS</H2>
The options that take the
<I>time</I>
argument understand the following formats:
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD>YYYYMMDDhhmmss&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD><BR></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD>YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD><BR></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD>YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>(seconds will be set to 00)<BR></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD>YYYY-MM-DD&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>(time will be set to 00:00:00)<BR></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD>hh:mm:ss&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>(date will be set to today)<BR></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD>hh:mm&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>(date will be set to today, seconds to 00)<BR></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD>now&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD><BR></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD>yesterday&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>(time is set to 00:00:00)<BR></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD>today&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>(time is set to 00:00:00)<BR></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD>tomorrow&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>(time is set to 00:00:00)<BR></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD>+5min&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD><BR></TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD>-5days&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD><BR></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<A NAME="lbAG">&nbsp;</A>
<H2>NOTES</H2>
The files
<I>wtmp</I>
and
<I>btmp</I>
might not be found. The system only logs information in these files if
they are present. This is a local configuration issue. If you want the
files to be used, they can be created with a simple
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+touch">touch</A></B>(1)
command (for example,
<I>touch /var/log/wtmp</I>).
<A NAME="lbAH">&nbsp;</A>
<H2>FILES</H2>
/var/log/wtmp
<BR>
/var/log/btmp
<A NAME="lbAI">&nbsp;</A>
<H2>AUTHOR</H2>
Miquel van Smoorenburg
<A NAME="lbAJ">&nbsp;</A>
<H2>AVAILABILITY</H2>
The last command is part of the util-linux package and is available from
Linux Kernel Archive
<A NAME="lbAK">&nbsp;</A>
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+login">login</A></B>(1),
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?5+wtmp">wtmp</A></B>(5),
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?8+init">init</A></B>(8),
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?8+shutdown">shutdown</A></B>(8)
<P>
<HR>
<A NAME="index">&nbsp;</A><H2>Index</H2>
<DL>
<DT id="14"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
<DT id="15"><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
<DT id="16"><A HREF="#lbAD">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
<DT id="17"><A HREF="#lbAE">OPTIONS</A><DD>
<DT id="18"><A HREF="#lbAF">TIME FORMATS</A><DD>
<DT id="19"><A HREF="#lbAG">NOTES</A><DD>
<DT id="20"><A HREF="#lbAH">FILES</A><DD>
<DT id="21"><A HREF="#lbAI">AUTHOR</A><DD>
<DT id="22"><A HREF="#lbAJ">AVAILABILITY</A><DD>
<DT id="23"><A HREF="#lbAK">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
</DL>
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