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21 KiB
HTML
604 lines
21 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Man page of PERL</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY>
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<H1>PERL</H1>
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Section: Perl Programmers Reference Guide (1)<BR>Updated: 2020-10-19<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
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<A NAME="lbAB"> </A>
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<H2>NAME</H2>
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perl - The Perl 5 language interpreter
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<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
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<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
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<B>perl</B><TT> </TT>[ <B>-sTtuUWX</B> ]<BR>
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<TT> </TT>[ <B>-hv</B> ] [ <B>-V</B>[:<I>configvar</I>] ]<BR>
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<TT> </TT>[ <B>-cw</B> ] [ <B>-d</B>[<B>t</B>][:<I>debugger</I>] ] [ <B>-D</B>[<I>number/list</I>] ]<BR>
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<TT> </TT>[ <B>-pna</B> ] [ <B>-F</B><I>pattern</I> ] [ <B>-l</B>[<I>octal</I>] ] [ <B>-0</B>[<I>octal/hexadecimal</I>] ]<BR>
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<TT> </TT>[ <B>-I</B><I>dir</I> ] [ <B>-m</B>[<B>-</B>]<I>module</I> ] [ <B>-M</B>[<B>-</B>]<I>'module...'</I> ] [ <B>-f</B> ]<BR>
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<TT> </TT>[ <B>-C [</B>number/list<B>] </B>]<BR>
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<TT> </TT>[ <B>-S</B> ]<BR>
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<TT> </TT>[ <B>-x</B>[<I>dir</I>] ]<BR>
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<TT> </TT>[ <B>-i</B>[<I>extension</I>] ]<BR>
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<TT> </TT>[ [<B>-e</B>|<B>-E</B>] <I>'command'</I> ] [ <B>--</B> ] [ <I>programfile</I> ] [ <I>argument</I> ]...<BR>
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<P>
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For more information on these options, you can run <TT>"perldoc perlrun"</TT>.
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<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
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<H2>GETTING HELP</H2>
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The <I>perldoc</I> program gives you access to all the documentation that comes
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with Perl. You can get more documentation, tutorials and community support
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online at <<A HREF="http://www.perl.org/">http://www.perl.org/</A>>.
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<P>
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If you're new to Perl, you should start by running <TT>"perldoc perlintro"</TT>,
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which is a general intro for beginners and provides some background to help
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you navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation. Run <TT>"perldoc
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perldoc"</TT> to learn more things you can do with <I>perldoc</I>.
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<P>
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For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections.
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<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
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<H3>Overview</H3>
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<PRE>
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perl Perl overview (this section)
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perlintro Perl introduction for beginners
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perlrun Perl execution and options
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perltoc Perl documentation table of contents
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</PRE>
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<A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
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<H3>Tutorials</H3>
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<PRE>
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perlreftut Perl references short introduction
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perldsc Perl data structures intro
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perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
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perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start
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perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial
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perlootut Perl OO tutorial for beginners
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perlperf Perl Performance and Optimization Techniques
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perlstyle Perl style guide
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perlcheat Perl cheat sheet
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perltrap Perl traps for the unwary
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perldebtut Perl debugging tutorial
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perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions
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perlfaq1 General Questions About Perl
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perlfaq2 Obtaining and Learning about Perl
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perlfaq3 Programming Tools
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perlfaq4 Data Manipulation
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perlfaq5 Files and Formats
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perlfaq6 Regexes
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perlfaq7 Perl Language Issues
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perlfaq8 System Interaction
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perlfaq9 Networking
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</PRE>
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<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
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<H3>Reference Manual</H3>
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<PRE>
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perlsyn Perl syntax
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perldata Perl data structures
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perlop Perl operators and precedence
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perlsub Perl subroutines
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perlfunc Perl built-in functions
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perlopentut Perl open() tutorial
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perlpacktut Perl pack() and unpack() tutorial
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perlpod Perl plain old documentation
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perlpodspec Perl plain old documentation format specification
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perlpodstyle Perl POD style guide
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perldiag Perl diagnostic messages
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perldeprecation Perl deprecations
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perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control
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perldebug Perl debugging
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perlvar Perl predefined variables
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perlre Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
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perlrebackslash Perl regular expression backslash sequences
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perlrecharclass Perl regular expression character classes
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perlreref Perl regular expressions quick reference
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perlref Perl references, the rest of the story
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perlform Perl formats
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perlobj Perl objects
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perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
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perldbmfilter Perl DBM filters
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perlipc Perl interprocess communication
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perlfork Perl fork() information
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perlnumber Perl number semantics
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perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial
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perlport Perl portability guide
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perllocale Perl locale support
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perluniintro Perl Unicode introduction
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perlunicode Perl Unicode support
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perlunicook Perl Unicode cookbook
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perlunifaq Perl Unicode FAQ
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perluniprops Index of Unicode properties in Perl
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perlunitut Perl Unicode tutorial
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perlebcdic Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
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perlsec Perl security
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perlmod Perl modules: how they work
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perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use
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perlmodstyle Perl modules: how to write modules with style
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perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
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perlnewmod Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
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perlpragma Perl modules: writing a user pragma
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perlutil utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
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perlfilter Perl source filters
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perldtrace Perl's support for DTrace
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perlglossary Perl Glossary
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</PRE>
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<A NAME="lbAH"> </A>
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<H3>Internals and C Language Interface</H3>
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<PRE>
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perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
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perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips
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perlxstut Perl XS tutorial
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perlxs Perl XS application programming interface
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perlxstypemap Perl XS C/Perl type conversion tools
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perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions
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perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
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perlcall Perl calling conventions from C
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perlmroapi Perl method resolution plugin interface
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perlreapi Perl regular expression plugin interface
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perlreguts Perl regular expression engine internals
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perlapi Perl API listing (autogenerated)
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perlintern Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
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perliol C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers
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perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface
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perlhack Perl hackers guide
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perlsource Guide to the Perl source tree
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perlinterp Overview of the Perl interpreter source and how it works
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perlhacktut Walk through the creation of a simple C code patch
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perlhacktips Tips for Perl core C code hacking
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perlpolicy Perl development policies
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perlgit Using git with the Perl repository
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</PRE>
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<A NAME="lbAI"> </A>
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<H3>Miscellaneous</H3>
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<PRE>
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perlbook Perl book information
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perlcommunity Perl community information
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perldoc Look up Perl documentation in Pod format
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perlhist Perl history records
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perldelta Perl changes since previous version
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perl5300delta Perl changes in version 5.30.0
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perl5282delta Perl changes in version 5.28.2
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perl5281delta Perl changes in version 5.28.1
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perl5280delta Perl changes in version 5.28.0
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perl5263delta Perl changes in version 5.26.3
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perl5262delta Perl changes in version 5.26.2
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perl5261delta Perl changes in version 5.26.1
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perl5260delta Perl changes in version 5.26.0
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perl5244delta Perl changes in version 5.24.4
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perl5243delta Perl changes in version 5.24.3
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perl5242delta Perl changes in version 5.24.2
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perl5241delta Perl changes in version 5.24.1
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perl5240delta Perl changes in version 5.24.0
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perl5224delta Perl changes in version 5.22.4
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perl5223delta Perl changes in version 5.22.3
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perl5222delta Perl changes in version 5.22.2
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perl5221delta Perl changes in version 5.22.1
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perl5220delta Perl changes in version 5.22.0
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perl5203delta Perl changes in version 5.20.3
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perl5202delta Perl changes in version 5.20.2
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perl5201delta Perl changes in version 5.20.1
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perl5200delta Perl changes in version 5.20.0
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perl5184delta Perl changes in version 5.18.4
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perl5182delta Perl changes in version 5.18.2
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perl5181delta Perl changes in version 5.18.1
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perl5180delta Perl changes in version 5.18.0
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perl5163delta Perl changes in version 5.16.3
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perl5162delta Perl changes in version 5.16.2
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perl5161delta Perl changes in version 5.16.1
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perl5160delta Perl changes in version 5.16.0
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perl5144delta Perl changes in version 5.14.4
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perl5143delta Perl changes in version 5.14.3
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perl5142delta Perl changes in version 5.14.2
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perl5141delta Perl changes in version 5.14.1
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perl5140delta Perl changes in version 5.14.0
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perl5125delta Perl changes in version 5.12.5
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perl5124delta Perl changes in version 5.12.4
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perl5123delta Perl changes in version 5.12.3
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perl5122delta Perl changes in version 5.12.2
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perl5121delta Perl changes in version 5.12.1
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perl5120delta Perl changes in version 5.12.0
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perl5101delta Perl changes in version 5.10.1
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perl5100delta Perl changes in version 5.10.0
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perl589delta Perl changes in version 5.8.9
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perl588delta Perl changes in version 5.8.8
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perl587delta Perl changes in version 5.8.7
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perl586delta Perl changes in version 5.8.6
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perl585delta Perl changes in version 5.8.5
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perl584delta Perl changes in version 5.8.4
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perl583delta Perl changes in version 5.8.3
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perl582delta Perl changes in version 5.8.2
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perl581delta Perl changes in version 5.8.1
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perl58delta Perl changes in version 5.8.0
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perl561delta Perl changes in version 5.6.1
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perl56delta Perl changes in version 5.6
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perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005
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perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004
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perlexperiment A listing of experimental features in Perl
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perlartistic Perl Artistic License
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perlgpl GNU General Public License
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</PRE>
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<A NAME="lbAJ"> </A>
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<H3>Language-Specific</H3>
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<PRE>
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perlcn Perl for Simplified Chinese (in EUC-CN)
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perljp Perl for Japanese (in EUC-JP)
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perlko Perl for Korean (in EUC-KR)
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perltw Perl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5)
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</PRE>
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<A NAME="lbAK"> </A>
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<H3>Platform-Specific</H3>
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<PRE>
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perlaix Perl notes for AIX
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perlamiga Perl notes for AmigaOS
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perlandroid Perl notes for Android
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perlbs2000 Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
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perlce Perl notes for WinCE
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perlcygwin Perl notes for Cygwin
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perldos Perl notes for DOS
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perlfreebsd Perl notes for FreeBSD
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perlhaiku Perl notes for Haiku
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perlhpux Perl notes for HP-UX
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perlhurd Perl notes for Hurd
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perlirix Perl notes for Irix
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perllinux Perl notes for Linux
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perlmacos Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
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perlmacosx Perl notes for Mac OS X
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perlnetware Perl notes for NetWare
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perlopenbsd Perl notes for OpenBSD
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perlos2 Perl notes for OS/2
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perlos390 Perl notes for OS/390
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perlos400 Perl notes for OS/400
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perlplan9 Perl notes for Plan 9
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perlqnx Perl notes for QNX
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perlriscos Perl notes for RISC OS
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perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris
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perlsymbian Perl notes for Symbian
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perlsynology Perl notes for Synology
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perltru64 Perl notes for Tru64
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perlvms Perl notes for VMS
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perlvos Perl notes for Stratus VOS
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perlwin32 Perl notes for Windows
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</PRE>
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<A NAME="lbAL"> </A>
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<H3>Stubs for Deleted Documents</H3>
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<PRE>
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perlboot
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perlbot
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perlrepository
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perltodo
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perltooc
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perltoot
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</PRE>
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<P>
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On Debian systems, you need to install the <B>perl-doc</B> package which
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contains the majority of the standard Perl documentation and the
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<I>perldoc</I> program.
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<P>
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Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available, both
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those distributed with Perl and third-party modules which are packaged
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or locally installed.
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<P>
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You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your <B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+man">man</A></B>(1)
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program or <B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+perldoc">perldoc</A></B>(1).
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<P>
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Some documentation is not available as man pages, so if a
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cross-reference is not found by man, try it with perldoc. Perldoc can
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also take you directly to documentation for functions (with the <B>-f</B>
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switch). See <TT>"perldoc --help"</TT> (or <TT>"perldoc perldoc"</TT> or <TT>"man perldoc"</TT>)
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for other helpful options perldoc has to offer.
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<P>
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In general, if something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're
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not sure where you should look for help, try making your code comply with
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<B>use strict</B> and <B>use warnings</B>. These will often point out exactly
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where the trouble is.
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<A NAME="lbAM"> </A>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
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Perl officially stands for Practical Extraction and Report Language,
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except when it doesn't.
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<P>
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Perl was originally a language optimized for scanning arbitrary
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text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
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reports based on that information. It quickly became a good language
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for many system management tasks. Over the years, Perl has grown into
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a general-purpose programming language. It's widely used for everything
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from quick ``one-liners'' to full-scale application development.
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<P>
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The language is intended to be practical (easy to use, efficient,
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complete) rather than beautiful (tiny, elegant, minimal). It combines
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(in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best features of <B>sed</B>,
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<B>awk</B>, and <B>sh</B>, making it familiar and easy to use for Unix users to
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whip up quick solutions to annoying problems. Its general-purpose
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programming facilities support procedural, functional, and
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object-oriented programming paradigms, making Perl a comfortable
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language for the long haul on major projects, whatever your bent.
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<P>
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Perl's roots in text processing haven't been forgotten over the years.
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It still boasts some of the most powerful regular expressions to be
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found anywhere, and its support for Unicode text is world-class. It
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handles all kinds of structured text, too, through an extensive
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collection of extensions. Those libraries, collected in the <FONT SIZE="-1">CPAN,</FONT>
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provide ready-made solutions to an astounding array of problems. When
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they haven't set the standard themselves, they steal from the best
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--- just like Perl itself.
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<A NAME="lbAN"> </A>
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<H2>AVAILABILITY</H2>
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Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually
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all Unix-like platforms. See ``Supported Platforms'' in perlport
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for a listing.
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<A NAME="lbAO"> </A>
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<H2>ENVIRONMENT</H2>
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See perlrun.
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<A NAME="lbAP"> </A>
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<H2>AUTHOR</H2>
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Larry Wall <<A HREF="mailto:larry@wall.org">larry@wall.org</A>>, with the help of oodles of other folks.
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<P>
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If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others
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who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications,
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or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the
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Perl developers, please write to <A HREF="mailto:perl-thanks@perl.org">perl-thanks@perl.org</A> .
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<A NAME="lbAQ"> </A>
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<H2>FILES</H2>
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<PRE>
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"@INC" locations of perl libraries
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</PRE>
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<P>
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``@INC'' above is a reference to the built-in variable of the same name;
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see perlvar for more information.
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<A NAME="lbAR"> </A>
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<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
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<PRE>
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<A HREF="http://www.perl.org/">http://www.perl.org/</A> the Perl homepage
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<A HREF="http://www.perl.com/">http://www.perl.com/</A> Perl articles (O'Reilly)
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<A HREF="http://www.cpan.org/">http://www.cpan.org/</A> the Comprehensive Perl Archive
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<A HREF="http://www.pm.org/">http://www.pm.org/</A> the Perl Mongers
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</PRE>
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<A NAME="lbAS"> </A>
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<H2>DIAGNOSTICS</H2>
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Using the <TT>"use strict"</TT> pragma ensures that all variables are properly
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declared and prevents other misuses of legacy Perl features.
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<P>
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The <TT>"use warnings"</TT> pragma produces some lovely diagnostics. One can
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also use the <B>-w</B> flag, but its use is normally discouraged, because
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it gets applied to all executed Perl code, including that not under
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your control.
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<P>
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See perldiag for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The <TT>"use
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diagnostics"</TT> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
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and errors into these longer forms.
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<P>
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Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
|
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indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
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(In a script passed to Perl via <B>-e</B> switches, each
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<B>-e</B> is counted as one line.)
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<P>
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Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
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messages such as ``Insecure dependency''. See perlsec.
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<P>
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Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the <B>use warnings</B>
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pragma?
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<A NAME="lbAT"> </A>
|
||
<H2>BUGS</H2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
The behavior implied by the <B>use warnings</B> pragma is not mandatory.
|
||
<P>
|
||
|
||
Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
|
||
operations such as type casting, <B>atof()</B>, and floating-point
|
||
output with <B>sprintf()</B>.
|
||
<P>
|
||
|
||
If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
|
||
particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to <B>sysread()</B>
|
||
and <B>syswrite()</B>.)
|
||
<P>
|
||
|
||
While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
|
||
(apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a
|
||
given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers
|
||
displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,
|
||
so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being
|
||
affected by wraparound).
|
||
<P>
|
||
|
||
You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
|
||
information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source
|
||
tree, or by <TT>"perl -V"</TT>) to <A HREF="mailto:perlbug@perl.org">perlbug@perl.org</A> . If you've succeeded
|
||
in compiling perl, the perlbug script in the <I>utils/</I> subdirectory
|
||
can be used to help mail in a bug report.
|
||
<P>
|
||
|
||
Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
|
||
don't tell anyone I said that.
|
||
<A NAME="lbAU"> </A>
|
||
<H2>NOTES</H2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
The Perl motto is ``There's more than one way to do it.'' Divining
|
||
how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
|
||
<P>
|
||
|
||
The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,
|
||
Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.
|
||
<P>
|
||
|
||
<HR>
|
||
<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
|
||
<DL>
|
||
<DT id="1"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="2"><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="3"><A HREF="#lbAD">GETTING HELP</A><DD>
|
||
<DL>
|
||
<DT id="4"><A HREF="#lbAE">Overview</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="5"><A HREF="#lbAF">Tutorials</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="6"><A HREF="#lbAG">Reference Manual</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="7"><A HREF="#lbAH">Internals and C Language Interface</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="8"><A HREF="#lbAI">Miscellaneous</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="9"><A HREF="#lbAJ">Language-Specific</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="10"><A HREF="#lbAK">Platform-Specific</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="11"><A HREF="#lbAL">Stubs for Deleted Documents</A><DD>
|
||
</DL>
|
||
<DT id="12"><A HREF="#lbAM">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="13"><A HREF="#lbAN">AVAILABILITY</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="14"><A HREF="#lbAO">ENVIRONMENT</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="15"><A HREF="#lbAP">AUTHOR</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="16"><A HREF="#lbAQ">FILES</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="17"><A HREF="#lbAR">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="18"><A HREF="#lbAS">DIAGNOSTICS</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="19"><A HREF="#lbAT">BUGS</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="20"><A HREF="#lbAU">NOTES</A><DD>
|
||
</DL>
|
||
<HR>
|
||
This document was created by
|
||
<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
|
||
using the manual pages.<BR>
|
||
Time: 00:05:22 GMT, March 31, 2021
|
||
</BODY>
|
||
</HTML>
|