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24 KiB
HTML
775 lines
24 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Man page of PYTHON</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY>
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<H1>PYTHON</H1>
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Section: User Commands (1)<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
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<P>
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAB"> </A>
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<H2>NAME</H2>
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python - an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
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<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
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<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
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<B>python</B>
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[
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<B>-B</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-b</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-d</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-E</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-h</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-i</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-I</B>
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]
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<BR>
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<BR> [
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<B>-m</B>
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<I>module-name</I>
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]
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[
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<B>-q</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-O</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-OO</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-s</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-S</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-u</B>
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]
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<BR>
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<BR> [
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<B>-v</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-V</B>
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]
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[
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<B>-W</B>
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<I>argument</I>
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]
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[
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<B>-x</B>
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]
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[
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[
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<B>-X</B>
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<I>option</I>
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]
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<B>-?</B>
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]
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<BR>
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<BR> [
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<B>--check-hash-based-pycs</B>
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<I>default</I>
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<I>always</I>
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<I>never</I>
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]
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<BR>
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<BR> [
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<B>-c</B>
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<I>command</I>
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<I>script</I>
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-
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]
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[
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<I>arguments</I>
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]
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<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
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Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming
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language that combines remarkable power with very clear syntax.
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For an introduction to programming in Python, see the Python Tutorial.
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The Python Library Reference documents built-in and standard types,
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constants, functions and modules.
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Finally, the Python Reference Manual describes the syntax and
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semantics of the core language in (perhaps too) much detail.
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(These documents may be located via the
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<B>INTERNET RESOURCES</B>
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below; they may be installed on your system as well.)
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<P>
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Python's basic power can be extended with your own modules written in
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C or C++.
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On most systems such modules may be dynamically loaded.
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Python is also adaptable as an extension language for existing
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applications.
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See the internal documentation for hints.
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<P>
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Documentation for installed Python modules and packages can be
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viewed by running the
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<B>pydoc</B>
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program.
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<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
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<H2>COMMAND LINE OPTIONS</H2>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="1"><B>-B</B>
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<DD>
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Don't write
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<I>.pyc</I>
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files on import. See also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE.
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<DT id="2"><B>-b</B>
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<DD>
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Issue warnings about str(bytes_instance), str(bytearray_instance)
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and comparing bytes/bytearray with str. (-bb: issue errors)
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<DT id="3"><B>-c </B><I>command</I>
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<DD>
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Specify the command to execute (see next section).
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This terminates the option list (following options are passed as
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arguments to the command).
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<DT id="4"><B>--check-hash-based-pycs </B><I>mode</I>
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<DD>
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Configure how Python evaluates the up-to-dateness of hash-based .pyc files.
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<DT id="5"><B>-d</B>
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<DD>
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Turn on parser debugging output (for expert only, depending on
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compilation options).
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<DT id="6"><B>-E</B>
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<DD>
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Ignore environment variables like PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME that modify
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the behavior of the interpreter.
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<DT id="7"><B>-h , -? , --help</B>
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<DD>
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Prints the usage for the interpreter executable and exits.
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<DT id="8"><B>-i</B>
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<DD>
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When a script is passed as first argument or the <B>-c</B> option is
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used, enter interactive mode after executing the script or the
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command. It does not read the $PYTHONSTARTUP file. This can be
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useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script
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raises an exception.
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<DT id="9"><B>-I</B>
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<DD>
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Run Python in isolated mode. This also implies <B>-E</B> and <B>-s</B>. In
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isolated mode sys.path contains neither the script's directory nor the user's
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site-packages directory. All PYTHON* environment variables are ignored, too.
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Further restrictions may be imposed to prevent the user from injecting
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malicious code.
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<DT id="10"><B>-m </B><I>module-name</I>
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<DD>
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Searches
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<I>sys.path</I>
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for the named module and runs the corresponding
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<I>.py</I>
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file as a script.
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<DT id="11"><B>-O</B>
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<DD>
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Remove assert statements and any code conditional on the value of
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__debug__; augment the filename for compiled (bytecode) files by
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adding .opt-1 before the .pyc extension.
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<DT id="12"><B>-OO</B>
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<DD>
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Do <B>-O</B> and also discard docstrings; change the filename for
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compiled (bytecode) files by adding .opt-2 before the .pyc extension.
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<DT id="13"><B>-q</B>
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<DD>
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Do not print the version and copyright messages. These messages are
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also suppressed in non-interactive mode.
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<DT id="14"><B>-s</B>
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<DD>
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Don't add user site directory to sys.path.
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<DT id="15"><B>-S</B>
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<DD>
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Disable the import of the module
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<I>site</I>
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and the site-dependent manipulations of
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<I>sys.path</I>
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that it entails. Also disable these manipulations if
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<I>site</I>
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is explicitly imported later.
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<DT id="16"><B>-u</B>
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<DD>
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Force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered.
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This option has no effect on the stdin stream.
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<DT id="17"><B>-v</B>
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<DD>
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Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place
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(filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given
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twice, print a message for each file that is checked for when
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searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup
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at exit.
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<DT id="18"><B>-V , --version</B>
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<DD>
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Prints the Python version number of the executable and exits. When given
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twice, print more information about the build.
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<DT id="19"><B>-W </B><I>argument</I>
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<DD>
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Warning control. Python sometimes prints warning message to
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<I>sys.stderr</I>.
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A typical warning message has the following form:
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<I>file</I><B>:</B><I>line</I><B>: </B><I>category</I><B>: </B><I>message.</I>
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By default, each warning is printed once for each source line where it
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occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed.
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Multiple
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<B>-W</B>
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options may be given; when a warning matches more than one
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option, the action for the last matching option is performed.
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Invalid
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<B>-W</B>
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options are ignored (a warning message is printed about invalid
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options when the first warning is issued). Warnings can also be
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controlled from within a Python program using the
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<I>warnings</I>
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module.
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<P>
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The simplest form of
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<I>argument</I>
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is one of the following
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<I>action</I>
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strings (or a unique abbreviation):
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<B>ignore</B>
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to ignore all warnings;
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<B>default</B>
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to explicitly request the default behavior (printing each warning once
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per source line);
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<B>all</B>
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to print a warning each time it occurs (this may generate many
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messages if a warning is triggered repeatedly for the same source
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line, such as inside a loop);
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<B>module</B>
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to print each warning only the first time it occurs in each
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module;
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<B>once</B>
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to print each warning only the first time it occurs in the program; or
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<B>error</B>
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to raise an exception instead of printing a warning message.
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<P>
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The full form of
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<I>argument</I>
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is
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<I>action</I><B>:</B><I>message</I><B>:</B><I>category</I><B>:</B><I>module</I><B>:</B><I>line.</I>
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Here,
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<I>action</I>
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is as explained above but only applies to messages that match the
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remaining fields. Empty fields match all values; trailing empty
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fields may be omitted. The
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<I>message</I>
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field matches the start of the warning message printed; this match is
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case-insensitive. The
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<I>category</I>
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field matches the warning category. This must be a class name; the
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match test whether the actual warning category of the message is a
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subclass of the specified warning category. The full class name must
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be given. The
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<I>module</I>
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field matches the (fully-qualified) module name; this match is
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case-sensitive. The
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<I>line</I>
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field matches the line number, where zero matches all line numbers and
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is thus equivalent to an omitted line number.
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<DT id="20"><B>-X </B><I>option</I>
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<DD>
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Set implementation specific option. The following options are available:
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<P>
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<BR> -X faulthandler: enable faulthandler
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<P>
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<BR> -X showrefcount: output the total reference count and number of used
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<BR> memory blocks when the program finishes or after each statement in the
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<BR> interactive interpreter. This only works on debug builds
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<P>
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<BR> -X tracemalloc: start tracing Python memory allocations using the
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<BR> tracemalloc module. By default, only the most recent frame is stored in a
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<BR> traceback of a trace. Use -X tracemalloc=NFRAME to start tracing with a
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<BR> traceback limit of NFRAME frames
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<P>
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<BR> -X showalloccount: output the total count of allocated objects for each
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<BR> type when the program finishes. This only works when Python was built with
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<BR> COUNT_ALLOCS defined
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<P>
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<BR> -X importtime: show how long each import takes. It shows module name,
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<BR> cumulative time (including nested imports) and self time (excluding
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<BR> nested imports). Note that its output may be broken in multi-threaded
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<BR> application. Typical usage is python3 -X importtime -c 'import asyncio'
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<P>
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<BR> -X dev: enable CPython’s “development mode”, introducing additional runtime
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<BR> checks which are too expensive to be enabled by default. It will not be
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<BR> more verbose than the default if the code is correct: new warnings are
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<BR> only emitted when an issue is detected. Effect of the developer mode:
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<BR> * Add default warning filter, as -W default
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<BR> * Install debug hooks on memory allocators: see the PyMem_SetupDebugHooks() C function
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<BR> * Enable the faulthandler module to dump the Python traceback on a crash
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<BR> * Enable asyncio debug mode
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<BR> * Set the dev_mode attribute of sys.flags to True
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<BR> * io.IOBase destructor logs close() exceptions
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<P>
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<BR> -X utf8: enable UTF-8 mode for operating system interfaces, overriding the default
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<BR> locale-aware mode. -X utf8=0 explicitly disables UTF-8 mode (even when it would
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<BR> otherwise activate automatically). See PYTHONUTF8 for more details
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<P>
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<BR> -X pycache_prefix=PATH: enable writing .pyc files to a parallel tree rooted at the
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<BR> given directory instead of to the code tree.
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<DT id="21"><B>-x</B>
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<DD>
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Skip the first line of the source. This is intended for a DOS
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specific hack only. Warning: the line numbers in error messages will
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be off by one!
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
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<H2>INTERPRETER INTERFACE</H2>
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The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell: when
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called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for
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commands and executes them until an EOF is read; when called with a
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file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and
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executes a
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<I>script</I>
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from that file;
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when called with
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<B>-c</B>
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<I>command</I>,
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it executes the Python statement(s) given as
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<I>command</I>.
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Here
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<I>command</I>
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may contain multiple statements separated by newlines.
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Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements!
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In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed before it is
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executed.
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<P>
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If available, the script name and additional arguments thereafter are
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passed to the script in the Python variable
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<I>sys.argv</I>,
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which is a list of strings (you must first
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<I>import sys</I>
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to be able to access it).
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If no script name is given,
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<I>sys.argv[0]</I>
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is an empty string; if
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<B>-c</B>
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is used,
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<I>sys.argv[0]</I>
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contains the string
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<I>'-c'.</I>
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Note that options interpreted by the Python interpreter itself
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are not placed in
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<I>sys.argv</I>.
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<P>
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In interactive mode, the primary prompt is `>>>'; the second prompt
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(which appears when a command is not complete) is `...'.
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The prompts can be changed by assignment to
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<I>sys.ps1</I>
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or
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<I>sys.ps2</I>.
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The interpreter quits when it reads an EOF at a prompt.
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When an unhandled exception occurs, a stack trace is printed and
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control returns to the primary prompt; in non-interactive mode, the
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interpreter exits after printing the stack trace.
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The interrupt signal raises the
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<I>KeyboardInterrupt</I>
|
||
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exception; other UNIX signals are not caught (except that SIGPIPE is
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sometimes ignored, in favor of the
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<I>IOError</I>
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exception). Error messages are written to stderr.
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||
<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
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||
<H2>FILES AND DIRECTORIES</H2>
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These are subject to difference depending on local installation
|
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conventions; ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix} are installation-dependent
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and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they may be the same.
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On Debian GNU/{Hurd,Linux} the default for both is <I>/usr</I>.
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<DL COMPACT>
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||
<DT id="22"><I>${exec_prefix}/bin/python</I><DD>
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Recommended location of the interpreter.
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</DL>
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||
<P>
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<I>${prefix}/lib/python<version></I>
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||
<BR>
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||
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<I>${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version></I>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="23"><DD>
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||
Recommended locations of the directories containing the standard
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modules.
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</DL>
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||
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||
<P>
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<I>${prefix}/include/python<version></I>
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||
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||
<BR>
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||
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||
<I>${exec_prefix}/include/python<version></I>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="24"><DD>
|
||
Recommended locations of the directories containing the include files
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needed for developing Python extensions and embedding the
|
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interpreter.
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</DL>
|
||
|
||
<A NAME="lbAH"> </A>
|
||
<H2>ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</H2>
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||
|
||
<DL COMPACT>
|
||
<DT id="25">PYTHONHOME<DD>
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Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the
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libraries are searched in ${prefix}/lib/python<version> and
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${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>, where ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}
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||
are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting to
|
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<I>/usr/local</I>. When $PYTHONHOME is set to a single directory, its value
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replaces both ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}. To specify different values
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for these, set $PYTHONHOME to ${prefix}:${exec_prefix}.
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<DT id="26">PYTHONPATH<DD>
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Augments the default search path for module files.
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The format is the same as the shell's $PATH: one or more directory
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pathnames separated by colons.
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Non-existent directories are silently ignored.
|
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The default search path is installation dependent, but generally
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begins with ${prefix}/lib/python<version> (see PYTHONHOME above).
|
||
The default search path is always appended to $PYTHONPATH.
|
||
If a script argument is given, the directory containing the script is
|
||
inserted in the path in front of $PYTHONPATH.
|
||
The search path can be manipulated from within a Python program as the
|
||
variable
|
||
<I>sys.path</I>.
|
||
|
||
<DT id="27">PYTHONSTARTUP<DD>
|
||
If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that
|
||
file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive
|
||
mode.
|
||
The file is executed in the same name space where interactive commands
|
||
are executed so that objects defined or imported in it can be used
|
||
without qualification in the interactive session.
|
||
You can also change the prompts
|
||
<I>sys.ps1</I>
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
<I>sys.ps2</I>
|
||
|
||
in this file.
|
||
<DT id="28">PYTHONOPTIMIZE<DD>
|
||
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
|
||
the <B>-O</B> option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
|
||
specifying <B>-O</B> multiple times.
|
||
<DT id="29">PYTHONDEBUG<DD>
|
||
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
|
||
the <B>-d</B> option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
|
||
specifying <B>-d</B> multiple times.
|
||
<DT id="30">PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE<DD>
|
||
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
|
||
the <B>-B</B> option (don't try to write
|
||
<I>.pyc</I>
|
||
|
||
files).
|
||
<DT id="31">PYTHONINSPECT<DD>
|
||
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
|
||
the <B>-i</B> option.
|
||
<DT id="32">PYTHONIOENCODING<DD>
|
||
If this is set before running the interpreter, it overrides the encoding used
|
||
for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax
|
||
<I>encodingname</I><B>:</B><I>errorhandler</I>
|
||
|
||
The
|
||
<I>errorhandler</I>
|
||
|
||
part is optional and has the same meaning as in str.encode. For stderr, the
|
||
<I>errorhandler</I>
|
||
|
||
<BR> part is ignored; the handler will always be 'backslashreplace'.
|
||
<DT id="33">PYTHONNOUSERSITE<DD>
|
||
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
|
||
<B>-s</B> option (Don't add the user site directory to sys.path).
|
||
<DT id="34">PYTHONUNBUFFERED<DD>
|
||
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
|
||
the <B>-u</B> option.
|
||
<DT id="35">PYTHONVERBOSE<DD>
|
||
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
|
||
the <B>-v</B> option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
|
||
specifying <B>-v</B> multiple times.
|
||
<DT id="36">PYTHONWARNINGS<DD>
|
||
If this is set to a comma-separated string it is equivalent to
|
||
specifying the <B>-W</B> option for each separate value.
|
||
<DT id="37">PYTHONHASHSEED<DD>
|
||
If this variable is set to "random", a random value is used to seed the hashes
|
||
of str and bytes objects.
|
||
<P>
|
||
If PYTHONHASHSEED is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed seed for
|
||
generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash randomization. Its
|
||
purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the
|
||
interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash
|
||
values.
|
||
<P>
|
||
The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying
|
||
the value 0 will disable hash randomization.
|
||
<DT id="38">PYTHONMALLOC<DD>
|
||
Set the Python memory allocators and/or install debug hooks. The available
|
||
memory allocators are
|
||
<I>malloc</I>
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
<I>pymalloc</I>.
|
||
|
||
The available debug hooks are
|
||
<I>debug</I>,
|
||
|
||
<I>malloc_debug</I>,
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
<I>pymalloc_debug</I>.
|
||
|
||
<DT id="39"><DD>
|
||
When Python is compiled in debug mode, the default is
|
||
<I>pymalloc_debug</I>
|
||
|
||
and the debug hooks are automatically used. Otherwise, the default is
|
||
<I>pymalloc</I>.
|
||
|
||
<DT id="40">PYTHONMALLOCSTATS<DD>
|
||
If set to a non-empty string, Python will print statistics of the pymalloc
|
||
memory allocator every time a new pymalloc object arena is created, and on
|
||
shutdown.
|
||
<DT id="41"><DD>
|
||
This variable is ignored if the
|
||
$<B>PYTHONMALLOC</B>
|
||
|
||
environment variable is used to force the
|
||
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+malloc">malloc</A></B>(3)
|
||
|
||
allocator of the C library, or if Python is configured without pymalloc support.
|
||
<DT id="42">PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG<DD>
|
||
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, enable the debug
|
||
mode of the asyncio module.
|
||
<DT id="43">PYTHONTRACEMALLOC<DD>
|
||
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, start tracing
|
||
Python memory allocations using the tracemalloc module.
|
||
<DT id="44"><DD>
|
||
The value of the variable is the maximum number of frames stored in a
|
||
traceback of a trace. For example,
|
||
<I>PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=1</I>
|
||
|
||
stores only the most recent frame.
|
||
<DT id="45">PYTHONFAULTHANDLER<DD>
|
||
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string,
|
||
<I>faulthandler.enable()</I>
|
||
|
||
is called at startup: install a handler for SIGSEGV, SIGFPE, SIGABRT, SIGBUS
|
||
and SIGILL signals to dump the Python traceback.
|
||
<DT id="46"><DD>
|
||
This is equivalent to the <B>-X faulthandler</B> option.
|
||
<DT id="47">PYTHONEXECUTABLE<DD>
|
||
If this environment variable is set,
|
||
<I>sys.argv[0]</I>
|
||
|
||
will be set to its value instead of the value got through the C runtime. Only
|
||
works on Mac OS X.
|
||
<DT id="48">PYTHONUSERBASE<DD>
|
||
Defines the user base directory, which is used to compute the path of the user
|
||
<I>site-packages</I>
|
||
|
||
directory and Distutils installation paths for
|
||
<I>python setup.py install --user</I>.
|
||
|
||
<DT id="49">PYTHONPROFILEIMPORTTIME<DD>
|
||
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, Python will
|
||
show how long each import takes. This is exactly equivalent to setting
|
||
<B>-X importtime</B> on the command line.
|
||
<DT id="50">PYTHONBREAKPOINT<DD>
|
||
If this environment variable is set to 0, it disables the default debugger. It
|
||
can be set to the callable of your debugger of choice.
|
||
</DL>
|
||
<A NAME="lbAI"> </A>
|
||
<H3>Debug-mode variables</H3>
|
||
|
||
Setting these variables only has an effect in a debug build of Python, that is,
|
||
if Python was configured with the
|
||
<B>--with-pydebug</B> build option.
|
||
<DL COMPACT>
|
||
<DT id="51">PYTHONTHREADDEBUG<DD>
|
||
If this environment variable is set, Python will print threading debug info.
|
||
<DT id="52">PYTHONDUMPREFS<DD>
|
||
If this environment variable is set, Python will dump objects and reference
|
||
counts still alive after shutting down the interpreter.
|
||
</DL>
|
||
<A NAME="lbAJ"> </A>
|
||
<H2>AUTHOR</H2>
|
||
|
||
The Python Software Foundation: <A HREF="https://www.python.org/psf/">https://www.python.org/psf/</A>
|
||
<A NAME="lbAK"> </A>
|
||
<H2>INTERNET RESOURCES</H2>
|
||
|
||
Main website: <A HREF="https://www.python.org/">https://www.python.org/</A>
|
||
<BR>
|
||
|
||
Documentation: <A HREF="https://docs.python.org/">https://docs.python.org/</A>
|
||
<BR>
|
||
|
||
Developer resources: <A HREF="https://devguide.python.org/">https://devguide.python.org/</A>
|
||
<BR>
|
||
|
||
Downloads: <A HREF="https://www.python.org/downloads/">https://www.python.org/downloads/</A>
|
||
<BR>
|
||
|
||
Module repository: <A HREF="https://pypi.org/">https://pypi.org/</A>
|
||
<BR>
|
||
|
||
Newsgroups: comp.lang.python, comp.lang.python.announce
|
||
<A NAME="lbAL"> </A>
|
||
<H2>LICENSING</H2>
|
||
|
||
Python is distributed under an Open Source license. See the file
|
||
"LICENSE" in the Python source distribution for information on terms &
|
||
conditions for accessing and otherwise using Python and for a
|
||
DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
|
||
<P>
|
||
|
||
<HR>
|
||
<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
|
||
<DL>
|
||
<DT id="53"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="54"><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="55"><A HREF="#lbAD">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="56"><A HREF="#lbAE">COMMAND LINE OPTIONS</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="57"><A HREF="#lbAF">INTERPRETER INTERFACE</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="58"><A HREF="#lbAG">FILES AND DIRECTORIES</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="59"><A HREF="#lbAH">ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</A><DD>
|
||
<DL>
|
||
<DT id="60"><A HREF="#lbAI">Debug-mode variables</A><DD>
|
||
</DL>
|
||
<DT id="61"><A HREF="#lbAJ">AUTHOR</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="62"><A HREF="#lbAK">INTERNET RESOURCES</A><DD>
|
||
<DT id="63"><A HREF="#lbAL">LICENSING</A><DD>
|
||
</DL>
|
||
<HR>
|
||
This document was created by
|
||
<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
|
||
using the manual pages.<BR>
|
||
Time: 00:05:26 GMT, March 31, 2021
|
||
</BODY>
|
||
</HTML>
|