4654 lines
199 KiB
HTML
4654 lines
199 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Man page of rsync</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY>
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<H1>rsync</H1>
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Section: (1)<BR>Updated: 28 Jan 2018<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
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<A NAME="lbAB"> </A>
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<H2>NAME</H2>
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rsync - a fast, versatile, remote (and local) file-copying tool
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<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
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<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
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<P>
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<P>
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<PRE>
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Local: rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [DEST]
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Access via remote shell:
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Pull: rsync [OPTION...] [USER@]HOST:SRC... [DEST]
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Push: rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [USER@]HOST:DEST
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Access via rsync daemon:
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Pull: rsync [OPTION...] [USER@]HOST::SRC... [DEST]
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rsync [OPTION...] <A HREF="rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC...">rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC...</A> [DEST]
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Push: rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [USER@]HOST::DEST
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rsync [OPTION...] SRC... <A HREF="rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST">rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST</A>
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</PRE>
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<P>
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<P>
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Usages with just one SRC arg and no DEST arg will list the source files
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instead of copying.
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
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<P>
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<P>
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Rsync is a fast and extraordinarily versatile file copying tool. It can
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copy locally, to/from another host over any remote shell, or to/from a
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remote rsync daemon. It offers a large number of options that control
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every aspect of its behavior and permit very flexible specification of the
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set of files to be copied. It is famous for its delta-transfer algorithm,
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which reduces the amount of data sent over the network by sending only the
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differences between the source files and the existing files in the
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destination. Rsync is widely used for backups and mirroring and as an
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improved copy command for everyday use.
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<P>
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Rsync finds files that need to be transferred using a "quick check"
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algorithm (by default) that looks for files that have changed in size or
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in last-modified time. Any changes in the other preserved attributes (as
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requested by options) are made on the destination file directly when the
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quick check indicates that the file's data does not need to be updated.
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<P>
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Some of the additional features of rsync are:
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="1">o<DD>
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support for copying links, devices, owners, groups, and permissions
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<DT id="2">o<DD>
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exclude and exclude-from options similar to GNU tar
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<DT id="3">o<DD>
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a CVS exclude mode for ignoring the same files that CVS would ignore
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<DT id="4">o<DD>
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can use any transparent remote shell, including ssh or rsh
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<DT id="5">o<DD>
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does not require super-user privileges
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<DT id="6">o<DD>
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pipelining of file transfers to minimize latency costs
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<DT id="7">o<DD>
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support for anonymous or authenticated rsync daemons (ideal for
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mirroring)
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<P>
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</DL>
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
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<H2>GENERAL</H2>
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<P>
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<P>
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Rsync copies files either to or from a remote host, or locally on the
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current host (it does not support copying files between two remote hosts).
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<P>
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There are two different ways for rsync to contact a remote system: using a
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remote-shell program as the transport (such as ssh or rsh) or contacting an
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rsync daemon directly via TCP. The remote-shell transport is used whenever
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the source or destination path contains a single colon (:) separator after
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a host specification. Contacting an rsync daemon directly happens when the
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source or destination path contains a double colon (::) separator after a
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host specification, OR when an rsync:// URL is specified (see also the
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"USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION" section for
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an exception to this latter rule).
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<P>
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As a special case, if a single source arg is specified without a
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destination, the files are listed in an output format similar to "ls -l".
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<P>
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As expected, if neither the source or destination path specify a remote
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host, the copy occurs locally (see also the <B>--list-only</B> option).
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<P>
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Rsync refers to the local side as the "client" and the remote side as the
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"server". Don't confuse "server" with an rsync daemon -- a daemon is always a
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server, but a server can be either a daemon or a remote-shell spawned process.
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
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<H2>SETUP</H2>
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<P>
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<P>
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See the file README for installation instructions.
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<P>
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Once installed, you can use rsync to any machine that you can access via
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a remote shell (as well as some that you can access using the rsync
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daemon-mode protocol). For remote transfers, a modern rsync uses ssh
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for its communications, but it may have been configured to use a
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different remote shell by default, such as rsh or remsh.
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<P>
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You can also specify any remote shell you like, either by using the <B>-e</B>
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command line option, or by setting the RSYNC_RSH environment variable.
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<P>
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Note that rsync must be installed on both the source and destination
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machines.
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
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<H2>USAGE</H2>
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<P>
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<P>
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You use rsync in the same way you use rcp. You must specify a source
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and a destination, one of which may be remote.
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<P>
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Perhaps the best way to explain the syntax is with some examples:
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="8"><DD>
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rsync -t *.c foo:src/
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</DL>
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<P>
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<P>
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This would transfer all files matching the pattern *.c from the
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current directory to the directory src on the machine foo. If any of
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the files already exist on the remote system then the rsync
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remote-update protocol is used to update the file by sending only the
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differences in the data. Note that the expansion of wildcards on the
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commandline (*.c) into a list of files is handled by the shell before
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it runs rsync and not by rsync itself (exactly the same as all other
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posix-style programs).
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="9"><DD>
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rsync -avz foo:src/bar /data/tmp
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</DL>
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<P>
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<P>
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This would recursively transfer all files from the directory src/bar on the
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machine foo into the /data/tmp/bar directory on the local machine. The
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files are transferred in "archive" mode, which ensures that symbolic
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links, devices, attributes, permissions, ownerships, etc. are preserved
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in the transfer. Additionally, compression will be used to reduce the
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size of data portions of the transfer.
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="10"><DD>
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rsync -avz foo:src/bar/ /data/tmp
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</DL>
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<P>
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<P>
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A trailing slash on the source changes this behavior to avoid creating an
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additional directory level at the destination. You can think of a trailing
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/ on a source as meaning "copy the contents of this directory" as opposed
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to "copy the directory by name", but in both cases the attributes of the
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containing directory are transferred to the containing directory on the
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destination. In other words, each of the following commands copies the
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files in the same way, including their setting of the attributes of
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/dest/foo:
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="11"><DD>
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rsync -av /src/foo /dest
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<BR>
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rsync -av /src/foo/ /dest/foo
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<BR>
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</DL>
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<P>
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<P>
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Note also that host and module references don't require a trailing slash to
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copy the contents of the default directory. For example, both of these
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copy the remote directory's contents into "/dest":
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="12"><DD>
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rsync -av host: /dest
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<BR>
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rsync -av host::module /dest
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<BR>
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</DL>
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<P>
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<P>
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You can also use rsync in local-only mode, where both the source and
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destination don't have a ':' in the name. In this case it behaves like
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an improved copy command.
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<P>
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Finally, you can list all the (listable) modules available from a
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particular rsync daemon by leaving off the module name:
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="13"><DD>
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rsync somehost.mydomain.com::
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</DL>
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<P>
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<P>
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See the following section for more details.
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAH"> </A>
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<H2>ADVANCED USAGE</H2>
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<P>
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<P>
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The syntax for requesting multiple files from a remote host is done by
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specifying additional remote-host args in the same style as the first,
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or with the hostname omitted. For instance, all these work:
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="14"><DD>
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rsync -av host:file1 :file2 host:file{3,4} /dest/
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<BR>
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rsync -av host::modname/file{1,2} host::modname/file3 /dest/
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<BR>
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rsync -av host::modname/file1 ::modname/file{3,4}
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</DL>
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<P>
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<P>
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Older versions of rsync required using quoted spaces in the SRC, like these
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examples:
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="15"><DD>
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rsync -av host:'dir1/file1 dir2/file2' /dest
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<BR>
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rsync host::'modname/dir1/file1 modname/dir2/file2' /dest
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</DL>
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<P>
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<P>
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This word-splitting still works (by default) in the latest rsync, but is
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not as easy to use as the first method.
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<P>
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If you need to transfer a filename that contains whitespace, you can either
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specify the <B>--protect-args</B> (<B>-s</B>) option, or you'll need to escape
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the whitespace in a way that the remote shell will understand. For
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instance:
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="16"><DD>
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rsync -av host:'file\ name\ with\ spaces' /dest
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</DL>
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<P>
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAI"> </A>
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<H2>CONNECTING TO AN RSYNC DAEMON</H2>
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<P>
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<P>
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It is also possible to use rsync without a remote shell as the transport.
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In this case you will directly connect to a remote rsync daemon, typically
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using TCP port 873. (This obviously requires the daemon to be running on
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the remote system, so refer to the STARTING AN RSYNC DAEMON TO ACCEPT
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CONNECTIONS section below for information on that.)
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<P>
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Using rsync in this way is the same as using it with a remote shell except
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that:
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="17">o<DD>
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you either use a double colon :: instead of a single colon to
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separate the hostname from the path, or you use an rsync:// URL.
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<DT id="18">o<DD>
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the first word of the "path" is actually a module name.
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<DT id="19">o<DD>
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the remote daemon may print a message of the day when you
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connect.
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<DT id="20">o<DD>
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if you specify no path name on the remote daemon then the
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list of accessible paths on the daemon will be shown.
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<DT id="21">o<DD>
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if you specify no local destination then a listing of the
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specified files on the remote daemon is provided.
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<DT id="22">o<DD>
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you must not specify the <B>--rsh</B> (<B>-e</B>) option.
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<P>
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</DL>
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<P>
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An example that copies all the files in a remote module named "src":
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<P>
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<PRE>
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rsync -av host::src /dest
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</PRE>
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<P>
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<P>
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Some modules on the remote daemon may require authentication. If so,
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you will receive a password prompt when you connect. You can avoid the
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password prompt by setting the environment variable RSYNC_PASSWORD to
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the password you want to use or using the <B>--password-file</B> option. This
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may be useful when scripting rsync.
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<P>
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WARNING: On some systems environment variables are visible to all
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users. On those systems using <B>--password-file</B> is recommended.
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<P>
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You may establish the connection via a web proxy by setting the
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environment variable RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair pointing to
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your web proxy. Note that your web proxy's configuration must support
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proxy connections to port 873.
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<P>
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You may also establish a daemon connection using a program as a proxy by
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setting the environment variable RSYNC_CONNECT_PROG to the commands you
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wish to run in place of making a direct socket connection. The string may
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contain the escape "%H" to represent the hostname specified in the rsync
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command (so use "%%" if you need a single "%" in your string). For
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example:
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<P>
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<PRE>
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export RSYNC_CONNECT_PROG='ssh proxyhost nc %H 873'
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rsync -av targethost1::module/src/ /dest/
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rsync -av rsync:://targethost2/module/src/ /dest/
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</PRE>
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<P>
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<P>
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The command specified above uses ssh to run nc (netcat) on a proxyhost,
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which forwards all data to port 873 (the rsync daemon) on the targethost
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(%H).
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAJ"> </A>
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<H2>USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION</H2>
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<P>
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<P>
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It is sometimes useful to use various features of an rsync daemon (such as
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named modules) without actually allowing any new socket connections into a
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system (other than what is already required to allow remote-shell access).
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Rsync supports connecting to a host using a remote shell and then spawning
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a single-use "daemon" server that expects to read its config file in the
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home dir of the remote user. This can be useful if you want to encrypt a
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daemon-style transfer's data, but since the daemon is started up fresh by
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the remote user, you may not be able to use features such as chroot or
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change the uid used by the daemon. (For another way to encrypt a daemon
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transfer, consider using ssh to tunnel a local port to a remote machine and
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configure a normal rsync daemon on that remote host to only allow
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connections from "localhost".)
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<P>
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From the user's perspective, a daemon transfer via a remote-shell
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connection uses nearly the same command-line syntax as a normal
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rsync-daemon transfer, with the only exception being that you must
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explicitly set the remote shell program on the command-line with the
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<B>--rsh=COMMAND</B> option. (Setting the RSYNC_RSH in the environment
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will not turn on this functionality.) For example:
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<P>
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<PRE>
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rsync -av --rsh=ssh host::module /dest
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</PRE>
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<P>
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<P>
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If you need to specify a different remote-shell user, keep in mind that the
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user@ prefix in front of the host is specifying the rsync-user value (for a
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module that requires user-based authentication). This means that you must
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give the '-l user' option to ssh when specifying the remote-shell, as in
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this example that uses the short version of the <B>--rsh</B> option:
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<P>
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<PRE>
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rsync -av -e "ssh -l ssh-user" <A HREF="mailto:rsync-user@host">rsync-user@host</A>::module /dest
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</PRE>
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<P>
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<P>
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The "ssh-user" will be used at the ssh level; the "rsync-user" will be
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used to log-in to the "module".
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAK"> </A>
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<H2>STARTING AN RSYNC DAEMON TO ACCEPT CONNECTIONS</H2>
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<P>
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<P>
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In order to connect to an rsync daemon, the remote system needs to have a
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daemon already running (or it needs to have configured something like inetd
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to spawn an rsync daemon for incoming connections on a particular port).
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For full information on how to start a daemon that will handling incoming
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socket connections, see the <B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?5+rsyncd.conf">rsyncd.conf</A></B>(5) man page -- that is the config
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file for the daemon, and it contains the full details for how to run the
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daemon (including stand-alone and inetd configurations).
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<P>
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If you're using one of the remote-shell transports for the transfer, there is
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no need to manually start an rsync daemon.
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAL"> </A>
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<H2>SORTED TRANSFER ORDER</H2>
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<P>
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<P>
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Rsync always sorts the specified filenames into its internal transfer list.
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This handles the merging together of the contents of identically named
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directories, makes it easy to remove duplicate filenames, and may confuse
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someone when the files are transferred in a different order than what was
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given on the command-line.
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<P>
|
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If you need a particular file to be transferred prior to another, either
|
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separate the files into different rsync calls, or consider using
|
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<B>--delay-updates</B> (which doesn't affect the sorted transfer order, but
|
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does make the final file-updating phase happen much more rapidly).
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAM"> </A>
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<H2>EXAMPLES</H2>
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<P>
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<P>
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Here are some examples of how I use rsync.
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<P>
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To backup my wife's home directory, which consists of large MS Word
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files and mail folders, I use a cron job that runs
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="23"><DD>
|
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rsync -Cavz . arvidsjaur:backup
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</DL>
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<P>
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<P>
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each night over a PPP connection to a duplicate directory on my machine
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"arvidsjaur".
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<P>
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To synchronize my samba source trees I use the following Makefile
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targets:
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<P>
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<PRE>
|
|
get:
|
|
rsync -avuzb --exclude '*~' samba:samba/ .
|
|
put:
|
|
rsync -Cavuzb . samba:samba/
|
|
sync: get put
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
this allows me to sync with a CVS directory at the other end of the
|
|
connection. I then do CVS operations on the remote machine, which saves a
|
|
lot of time as the remote CVS protocol isn't very efficient.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
I mirror a directory between my "old" and "new" ftp sites with the
|
|
command:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~ftp/pub/samba nimbus:"~ftp/pub/tridge"
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
This is launched from cron every few hours.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAN"> </A>
|
|
<H2>OPTIONS SUMMARY</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Here is a short summary of the options available in rsync. Please refer
|
|
to the detailed description below for a complete description.
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
|
|
-v, --verbose increase verbosity
|
|
--info=FLAGS fine-grained informational verbosity
|
|
--debug=FLAGS fine-grained debug verbosity
|
|
--msgs2stderr special output handling for debugging
|
|
-q, --quiet suppress non-error messages
|
|
--no-motd suppress daemon-mode MOTD (see caveat)
|
|
-c, --checksum skip based on checksum, not mod-time & size
|
|
-a, --archive archive mode; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X)
|
|
--no-OPTION turn off an implied OPTION (e.g. --no-D)
|
|
-r, --recursive recurse into directories
|
|
-R, --relative use relative path names
|
|
--no-implied-dirs don't send implied dirs with --relative
|
|
-b, --backup make backups (see --suffix & --backup-dir)
|
|
--backup-dir=DIR make backups into hierarchy based in DIR
|
|
--suffix=SUFFIX backup suffix (default ~ w/o --backup-dir)
|
|
-u, --update skip files that are newer on the receiver
|
|
--inplace update destination files in-place
|
|
--append append data onto shorter files
|
|
--append-verify --append w/old data in file checksum
|
|
-d, --dirs transfer directories without recursing
|
|
-l, --links copy symlinks as symlinks
|
|
-L, --copy-links transform symlink into referent file/dir
|
|
--copy-unsafe-links only "unsafe" symlinks are transformed
|
|
--safe-links ignore symlinks that point outside the tree
|
|
--munge-links munge symlinks to make them safer
|
|
-k, --copy-dirlinks transform symlink to dir into referent dir
|
|
-K, --keep-dirlinks treat symlinked dir on receiver as dir
|
|
-H, --hard-links preserve hard links
|
|
-p, --perms preserve permissions
|
|
-E, --executability preserve executability
|
|
--chmod=CHMOD affect file and/or directory permissions
|
|
-A, --acls preserve ACLs (implies -p)
|
|
-X, --xattrs preserve extended attributes
|
|
-o, --owner preserve owner (super-user only)
|
|
-g, --group preserve group
|
|
--devices preserve device files (super-user only)
|
|
--specials preserve special files
|
|
-D same as --devices --specials
|
|
-t, --times preserve modification times
|
|
-O, --omit-dir-times omit directories from --times
|
|
-J, --omit-link-times omit symlinks from --times
|
|
--super receiver attempts super-user activities
|
|
--fake-super store/recover privileged attrs using xattrs
|
|
-S, --sparse turn sequences of nulls into sparse blocks
|
|
--preallocate allocate dest files before writing
|
|
-n, --dry-run perform a trial run with no changes made
|
|
-W, --whole-file copy files whole (w/o delta-xfer algorithm)
|
|
--checksum-choice=STR choose the checksum algorithms
|
|
-x, --one-file-system don't cross filesystem boundaries
|
|
-B, --block-size=SIZE force a fixed checksum block-size
|
|
-e, --rsh=COMMAND specify the remote shell to use
|
|
--rsync-path=PROGRAM specify the rsync to run on remote machine
|
|
--existing skip creating new files on receiver
|
|
--ignore-existing skip updating files that exist on receiver
|
|
--remove-source-files sender removes synchronized files (non-dir)
|
|
--del an alias for --delete-during
|
|
--delete delete extraneous files from dest dirs
|
|
--delete-before receiver deletes before xfer, not during
|
|
--delete-during receiver deletes during the transfer
|
|
--delete-delay find deletions during, delete after
|
|
--delete-after receiver deletes after transfer, not during
|
|
--delete-excluded also delete excluded files from dest dirs
|
|
--ignore-missing-args ignore missing source args without error
|
|
--delete-missing-args delete missing source args from destination
|
|
--ignore-errors delete even if there are I/O errors
|
|
--force force deletion of dirs even if not empty
|
|
--max-delete=NUM don't delete more than NUM files
|
|
--max-size=SIZE don't transfer any file larger than SIZE
|
|
--min-size=SIZE don't transfer any file smaller than SIZE
|
|
--partial keep partially transferred files
|
|
--partial-dir=DIR put a partially transferred file into DIR
|
|
--delay-updates put all updated files into place at end
|
|
-m, --prune-empty-dirs prune empty directory chains from file-list
|
|
--numeric-ids don't map uid/gid values by user/group name
|
|
--usermap=STRING custom username mapping
|
|
--groupmap=STRING custom groupname mapping
|
|
--chown=USER:GROUP simple username/groupname mapping
|
|
--timeout=SECONDS set I/O timeout in seconds
|
|
--contimeout=SECONDS set daemon connection timeout in seconds
|
|
-I, --ignore-times don't skip files that match size and time
|
|
--size-only skip files that match in size
|
|
-@, --modify-window=NUM set the accuracy for mod-time comparisons
|
|
-T, --temp-dir=DIR create temporary files in directory DIR
|
|
-y, --fuzzy find similar file for basis if no dest file
|
|
--compare-dest=DIR also compare received files relative to DIR
|
|
--copy-dest=DIR ... and include copies of unchanged files
|
|
--link-dest=DIR hardlink to files in DIR when unchanged
|
|
-z, --compress compress file data during the transfer
|
|
--compress-level=NUM explicitly set compression level
|
|
--skip-compress=LIST skip compressing files with suffix in LIST
|
|
-C, --cvs-exclude auto-ignore files in the same way CVS does
|
|
-f, --filter=RULE add a file-filtering RULE
|
|
-F same as --filter='dir-merge /.rsync-filter'
|
|
repeated: --filter='- .rsync-filter'
|
|
--exclude=PATTERN exclude files matching PATTERN
|
|
--exclude-from=FILE read exclude patterns from FILE
|
|
--include=PATTERN don't exclude files matching PATTERN
|
|
--include-from=FILE read include patterns from FILE
|
|
--files-from=FILE read list of source-file names from FILE
|
|
-0, --from0 all *from/filter files are delimited by 0s
|
|
-s, --protect-args no space-splitting; wildcard chars only
|
|
--address=ADDRESS bind address for outgoing socket to daemon
|
|
--port=PORT specify double-colon alternate port number
|
|
--sockopts=OPTIONS specify custom TCP options
|
|
--blocking-io use blocking I/O for the remote shell
|
|
--outbuf=N|L|B set out buffering to None, Line, or Block
|
|
--stats give some file-transfer stats
|
|
-8, --8-bit-output leave high-bit chars unescaped in output
|
|
-h, --human-readable output numbers in a human-readable format
|
|
--progress show progress during transfer
|
|
-P same as --partial --progress
|
|
-i, --itemize-changes output a change-summary for all updates
|
|
-M, --remote-option=OPTION send OPTION to the remote side only
|
|
--out-format=FORMAT output updates using the specified FORMAT
|
|
--log-file=FILE log what we're doing to the specified FILE
|
|
--log-file-format=FMT log updates using the specified FMT
|
|
--password-file=FILE read daemon-access password from FILE
|
|
--list-only list the files instead of copying them
|
|
--bwlimit=RATE limit socket I/O bandwidth
|
|
--stop-at=y-m-dTh:m Stop rsync at year-month-dayThour:minute
|
|
--time-limit=MINS Stop rsync after MINS minutes have elapsed
|
|
--write-batch=FILE write a batched update to FILE
|
|
--only-write-batch=FILE like --write-batch but w/o updating dest
|
|
--read-batch=FILE read a batched update from FILE
|
|
--protocol=NUM force an older protocol version to be used
|
|
--iconv=CONVERT_SPEC request charset conversion of filenames
|
|
--checksum-seed=NUM set block/file checksum seed (advanced)
|
|
--noatime do not alter atime when opening source files
|
|
-4, --ipv4 prefer IPv4
|
|
-6, --ipv6 prefer IPv6
|
|
--version print version number
|
|
(-h) --help show this help (see below for -h comment)
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Rsync can also be run as a daemon, in which case the following options are
|
|
accepted:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
|
|
--daemon run as an rsync daemon
|
|
--address=ADDRESS bind to the specified address
|
|
--bwlimit=RATE limit socket I/O bandwidth
|
|
--config=FILE specify alternate rsyncd.conf file
|
|
-M, --dparam=OVERRIDE override global daemon config parameter
|
|
--no-detach do not detach from the parent
|
|
--port=PORT listen on alternate port number
|
|
--log-file=FILE override the "log file" setting
|
|
--log-file-format=FMT override the "log format" setting
|
|
--sockopts=OPTIONS specify custom TCP options
|
|
-v, --verbose increase verbosity
|
|
-4, --ipv4 prefer IPv4
|
|
-6, --ipv6 prefer IPv6
|
|
-h, --help show this help (if used after --daemon)
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAO"> </A>
|
|
<H2>OPTIONS</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Rsync accepts both long (double-dash + word) and short (single-dash + letter)
|
|
options. The full list of the available options are described below. If an
|
|
option can be specified in more than one way, the choices are comma-separated.
|
|
Some options only have a long variant, not a short. If the option takes a
|
|
parameter, the parameter is only listed after the long variant, even though it
|
|
must also be specified for the short. When specifying a parameter, you can
|
|
either use the form --option=param or replace the '=' with whitespace. The
|
|
parameter may need to be quoted in some manner for it to survive the shell's
|
|
command-line parsing. Keep in mind that a leading tilde (~) in a filename is
|
|
substituted by your shell, so --option=~/foo will not change the tilde into
|
|
your home directory (remove the '=' for that).
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="24"><B>--help</B><DD>
|
|
Print a short help page describing the options
|
|
available in rsync and exit. For backward-compatibility with older
|
|
versions of rsync, the help will also be output if you use the <B>-h</B>
|
|
option without any other args.
|
|
<DT id="25"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="26"><B>--version</B><DD>
|
|
print the rsync version number and exit.
|
|
<DT id="27"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="28"><B>-v, --verbose</B><DD>
|
|
This option increases the amount of information you
|
|
are given during the transfer. By default, rsync works silently. A
|
|
single <B>-v</B> will give you information about what files are being
|
|
transferred and a brief summary at the end. Two <B>-v</B> options will give you
|
|
information on what files are being skipped and slightly more
|
|
information at the end. More than two <B>-v</B> options should only be used if
|
|
you are debugging rsync.
|
|
<DT id="29"><DD>
|
|
In a modern rsync, the <B>-v</B> option is equivalent to the setting of groups
|
|
of <B>--info</B> and <B>--debug</B> options. You can choose to use these newer
|
|
options in addition to, or in place of using <B>--verbose</B>, as any
|
|
fine-grained settings override the implied settings of <B>-v</B>. Both
|
|
<B>--info</B> and <B>--debug</B> have a way to ask for help that tells you
|
|
exactly what flags are set for each increase in verbosity.
|
|
<DT id="30"><DD>
|
|
However, do keep in mind that a daemon's "max verbosity" setting will limit how
|
|
high of a level the various individual flags can be set on the daemon side.
|
|
For instance, if the max is 2, then any info and/or debug flag that is set to
|
|
a higher value than what would be set by <B>-vv</B> will be downgraded to the
|
|
<B>-vv</B> level in the daemon's logging.
|
|
<DT id="31"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="32"><B>--info=FLAGS</B><DD>
|
|
This option lets you have fine-grained control over the
|
|
information
|
|
output you want to see. An individual flag name may be followed by a level
|
|
number, with 0 meaning to silence that output, 1 being the default output
|
|
level, and higher numbers increasing the output of that flag (for those
|
|
that support higher levels). Use
|
|
<B>--info=help</B>
|
|
to see all the available flag names, what they output, and what flag names
|
|
are added for each increase in the verbose level. Some examples:
|
|
<DT id="33"><DD>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
rsync -a --info=progress2 src/ dest/
|
|
rsync -avv --info=stats2,misc1,flist0 src/ dest/
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="34"><DD>
|
|
Note that <B>--info=name</B>'s output is affected by the <B>--out-format</B> and
|
|
<B>--itemize-changes</B> (<B>-i</B>) options. See those options for more
|
|
information on what is output and when.
|
|
<DT id="35"><DD>
|
|
This option was added to 3.1.0, so an older rsync on the server side might
|
|
reject your attempts at fine-grained control (if one or more flags needed
|
|
to be send to the server and the server was too old to understand them).
|
|
See also the "max verbosity" caveat above when dealing with a daemon.
|
|
<DT id="36"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="37"><B>--debug=FLAGS</B><DD>
|
|
This option lets you have fine-grained control over the debug
|
|
output you want to see. An individual flag name may be followed by a level
|
|
number, with 0 meaning to silence that output, 1 being the default output
|
|
level, and higher numbers increasing the output of that flag (for those
|
|
that support higher levels). Use
|
|
<B>--debug=help</B>
|
|
to see all the available flag names, what they output, and what flag names
|
|
are added for each increase in the verbose level. Some examples:
|
|
<DT id="38"><DD>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
rsync -avvv --debug=none src/ dest/
|
|
rsync -avA --del --debug=del2,acl src/ dest/
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="39"><DD>
|
|
Note that some debug messages will only be output when <B>--msgs2stderr</B> is
|
|
specified, especially those pertaining to I/O and buffer debugging.
|
|
<DT id="40"><DD>
|
|
This option was added to 3.1.0, so an older rsync on the server side might
|
|
reject your attempts at fine-grained control (if one or more flags needed
|
|
to be send to the server and the server was too old to understand them).
|
|
See also the "max verbosity" caveat above when dealing with a daemon.
|
|
<DT id="41"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="42"><B>--msgs2stderr</B><DD>
|
|
This option changes rsync to send all its output
|
|
directly to stderr rather than to send messages to the client side via the
|
|
protocol (which normally outputs info messages via stdout). This is mainly
|
|
intended for debugging in order to avoid changing the data sent via the
|
|
protocol, since the extra protocol data can change what is being tested.
|
|
The option does not affect the remote side of a transfer without using
|
|
<B>--remote-option</B> -- e.g. <B>-M--msgs2stderr</B>.
|
|
Also keep in mind that a daemon connection does not have a stderr channel to send
|
|
messages back to the client side, so if you are doing any daemon-transfer
|
|
debugging using this option, you should start up a daemon using <B>--no-detach</B>
|
|
so that you can see the stderr output on the daemon side.
|
|
<DT id="43"><DD>
|
|
This option has the side-effect of making stderr output get line-buffered so
|
|
that the merging of the output of 3 programs happens in a more readable manner.
|
|
<DT id="44"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="45"><B>-q, --quiet</B><DD>
|
|
This option decreases the amount of information you
|
|
are given during the transfer, notably suppressing information messages
|
|
from the remote server. This option is useful when invoking rsync from
|
|
cron.
|
|
<DT id="46"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="47"><B>--no-motd</B><DD>
|
|
This option affects the information that is output
|
|
by the client at the start of a daemon transfer. This suppresses the
|
|
message-of-the-day (MOTD) text, but it also affects the list of modules
|
|
that the daemon sends in response to the "rsync host::" request (due to
|
|
a limitation in the rsync protocol), so omit this option if you want to
|
|
request the list of modules from the daemon.
|
|
<DT id="48"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="49"><B>-I, --ignore-times</B><DD>
|
|
Normally rsync will skip any files that are
|
|
already the same size and have the same modification timestamp.
|
|
This option turns off this "quick check" behavior, causing all files to
|
|
be updated.
|
|
<DT id="50"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="51"><B>--size-only</B><DD>
|
|
This modifies rsync's "quick check" algorithm for
|
|
finding files that need to be transferred, changing it from the default of
|
|
transferring files with either a changed size or a changed last-modified
|
|
time to just looking for files that have changed in size. This is useful
|
|
when starting to use rsync after using another mirroring system which may
|
|
not preserve timestamps exactly.
|
|
<DT id="52"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="53"><B>-@, --modify-window</B><DD>
|
|
When comparing two timestamps, rsync treats the
|
|
timestamps as being equal if they differ by no more than the modify-window
|
|
value. The default is 0, which matches just integer seconds. If you specify a
|
|
negative value (and the receiver is at least version 3.1.3) then nanoseconds
|
|
will also be taken into account. Specifying 1 is useful for copies to/from MS
|
|
Windows FAT filesystems, because FAT represents times with a 2-second
|
|
resolution (allowing times to differ from the original by up to 1 second).
|
|
<DT id="54"><DD>
|
|
If you want all your transfers to default to comparing nanoseconds, you can
|
|
create a ~/.popt file and put these lines in it:
|
|
<DT id="55"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="56"><DD>
|
|
rsync alias -a -a@-1
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="57"><DD>
|
|
rsync alias -t -t@-1
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="58"><DD>
|
|
With that as the default, you'd need to specify <B>--modify-window=0</B> (aka
|
|
<B>-@0</B>) to override it and ignore nanoseconds, e.g. if you're copying between
|
|
ext3 and ext4, or if the receiving rsync is older than 3.1.3.
|
|
<DT id="59"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="60"><B>-c, --checksum</B><DD>
|
|
This changes the way rsync checks if the files have
|
|
been changed and are in need of a transfer. Without this option, rsync
|
|
uses a "quick check" that (by default) checks if each file's size and time
|
|
of last modification match between the sender and receiver. This option
|
|
changes this to compare a 128-bit checksum for each file that has a
|
|
matching size. Generating the checksums means that both sides will expend
|
|
a lot of disk I/O reading all the data in the files in the transfer (and
|
|
this is prior to any reading that will be done to transfer changed files),
|
|
so this can slow things down significantly.
|
|
<DT id="61"><DD>
|
|
The sending side generates its checksums while it is doing the file-system
|
|
scan that builds the list of the available files. The receiver generates
|
|
its checksums when it is scanning for changed files, and will checksum any
|
|
file that has the same size as the corresponding sender's file: files with
|
|
either a changed size or a changed checksum are selected for transfer.
|
|
<DT id="62"><DD>
|
|
Note that rsync always verifies that each <I>transferred</I> file was
|
|
correctly reconstructed on the receiving side by checking a whole-file
|
|
checksum that is generated as the file is transferred, but that
|
|
automatic after-the-transfer verification has nothing to do with this
|
|
option's before-the-transfer "Does this file need to be updated?" check.
|
|
<DT id="63"><DD>
|
|
For protocol 30 and beyond (first supported in 3.0.0), the checksum used is
|
|
MD5. For older protocols, the checksum used is MD4.
|
|
<DT id="64"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="65"><B>-a, --archive</B><DD>
|
|
This is equivalent to <B>-rlptgoD</B>. It is a quick
|
|
way of saying you want recursion and want to preserve almost
|
|
everything (with -H being a notable omission).
|
|
The only exception to the above equivalence is when <B>--files-from</B> is
|
|
specified, in which case <B>-r</B> is not implied.
|
|
<DT id="66"><DD>
|
|
Note that <B>-a</B> <B>does not preserve hardlinks</B>, because
|
|
finding multiply-linked files is expensive. You must separately
|
|
specify <B>-H</B>.
|
|
<DT id="67"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="68">--no-OPTION<DD>
|
|
You may turn off one or more implied options by prefixing
|
|
the option name with "no-". Not all options may be prefixed with a "no-":
|
|
only options that are implied by other options (e.g. <B>--no-D</B>,
|
|
<B>--no-perms</B>) or have different defaults in various circumstances
|
|
(e.g. <B>--no-whole-file</B>, <B>--no-blocking-io</B>, <B>--no-dirs</B>). You may
|
|
specify either the short or the long option name after the "no-" prefix
|
|
(e.g. <B>--no-R</B> is the same as <B>--no-relative</B>).
|
|
<DT id="69"><DD>
|
|
For example: if you want to use <B>-a</B> (<B>--archive</B>) but don't want
|
|
<B>-o</B> (<B>--owner</B>), instead of converting <B>-a</B> into <B>-rlptgD</B>, you
|
|
could specify <B>-a --no-o</B> (or <B>-a --no-owner</B>).
|
|
<DT id="70"><DD>
|
|
The order of the options is important: if you specify <B>--no-r -a</B>, the
|
|
<B>-r</B> option would end up being turned on, the opposite of <B>-a --no-r</B>.
|
|
Note also that the side-effects of the <B>--files-from</B> option are NOT
|
|
positional, as it affects the default state of several options and slightly
|
|
changes the meaning of <B>-a</B> (see the <B>--files-from</B> option for more
|
|
details).
|
|
<DT id="71"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="72"><B>-r, --recursive</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to copy directories
|
|
recursively. See also <B>--dirs</B> (<B>-d</B>).
|
|
<DT id="73"><DD>
|
|
Beginning with rsync 3.0.0, the recursive algorithm used is now an
|
|
incremental scan that uses much less memory than before and begins the
|
|
transfer after the scanning of the first few directories have been
|
|
completed. This incremental scan only affects our recursion algorithm, and
|
|
does not change a non-recursive transfer. It is also only possible when
|
|
both ends of the transfer are at least version 3.0.0.
|
|
<DT id="74"><DD>
|
|
Some options require rsync to know the full file list, so these options
|
|
disable the incremental recursion mode. These include: <B>--delete-before</B>,
|
|
<B>--delete-after</B>, <B>--prune-empty-dirs</B>, and <B>--delay-updates</B>.
|
|
Because of this, the default delete mode when you specify <B>--delete</B> is now
|
|
<B>--delete-during</B> when both ends of the connection are at least 3.0.0
|
|
(use <B>--del</B> or <B>--delete-during</B> to request this improved deletion mode
|
|
explicitly). See also the <B>--delete-delay</B> option that is a better choice
|
|
than using <B>--delete-after</B>.
|
|
<DT id="75"><DD>
|
|
Incremental recursion can be disabled using the <B>--no-inc-recursive</B>
|
|
option or its shorter <B>--no-i-r</B> alias.
|
|
<DT id="76"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="77"><B>-R, --relative</B><DD>
|
|
Use relative paths. This means that the full path
|
|
names specified on the command line are sent to the server rather than
|
|
just the last parts of the filenames. This is particularly useful when
|
|
you want to send several different directories at the same time. For
|
|
example, if you used this command:
|
|
<DT id="78"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="79"><DD>
|
|
rsync -av /foo/bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="80"><DD>
|
|
... this would create a file named baz.c in /tmp/ on the remote
|
|
machine. If instead you used
|
|
<DT id="81"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="82"><DD>
|
|
rsync -avR /foo/bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="83"><DD>
|
|
then a file named /tmp/foo/bar/baz.c would be created on the remote
|
|
machine, preserving its full path. These extra path elements are called
|
|
"implied directories" (i.e. the "foo" and the "foo/bar" directories in the
|
|
above example).
|
|
<DT id="84"><DD>
|
|
Beginning with rsync 3.0.0, rsync always sends these implied directories as
|
|
real directories in the file list, even if a path element is really a
|
|
symlink on the sending side. This prevents some really unexpected
|
|
behaviors when copying the full path of a file that you didn't realize had
|
|
a symlink in its path. If you want to duplicate a server-side symlink,
|
|
include both the symlink via its path, and referent directory via its real
|
|
path. If you're dealing with an older rsync on the sending side, you may
|
|
need to use the <B>--no-implied-dirs</B> option.
|
|
<DT id="85"><DD>
|
|
It is also possible to limit the amount of path information that is sent as
|
|
implied directories for each path you specify. With a modern rsync on the
|
|
sending side (beginning with 2.6.7), you can insert a dot and a slash into
|
|
the source path, like this:
|
|
<DT id="86"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="87"><DD>
|
|
rsync -avR /foo/./bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="88"><DD>
|
|
That would create /tmp/bar/baz.c on the remote machine. (Note that the
|
|
dot must be followed by a slash, so "/foo/." would not be abbreviated.)
|
|
For older rsync versions, you would need to use a chdir to limit the
|
|
source path. For example, when pushing files:
|
|
<DT id="89"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="90"><DD>
|
|
(cd /foo; rsync -avR bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/)
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="91"><DD>
|
|
(Note that the parens put the two commands into a sub-shell, so that the
|
|
"cd" command doesn't remain in effect for future commands.)
|
|
If you're pulling files from an older rsync, use this idiom (but only
|
|
for a non-daemon transfer):
|
|
<DT id="92"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="93"><DD>
|
|
rsync -avR --rsync-path="cd /foo; rsync" \
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
remote:bar/baz.c /tmp/
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="94"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="95"><B>--no-implied-dirs</B><DD>
|
|
This option affects the default behavior of the
|
|
<B>--relative</B> option. When it is specified, the attributes of the implied
|
|
directories from the source names are not included in the transfer. This
|
|
means that the corresponding path elements on the destination system are
|
|
left unchanged if they exist, and any missing implied directories are
|
|
created with default attributes. This even allows these implied path
|
|
elements to have big differences, such as being a symlink to a directory on
|
|
the receiving side.
|
|
<DT id="96"><DD>
|
|
For instance, if a command-line arg or a files-from entry told rsync to
|
|
transfer the file "path/foo/file", the directories "path" and "path/foo"
|
|
are implied when <B>--relative</B> is used. If "path/foo" is a symlink to
|
|
"bar" on the destination system, the receiving rsync would ordinarily
|
|
delete "path/foo", recreate it as a directory, and receive the file into
|
|
the new directory. With <B>--no-implied-dirs</B>, the receiving rsync updates
|
|
"path/foo/file" using the existing path elements, which means that the file
|
|
ends up being created in "path/bar". Another way to accomplish this link
|
|
preservation is to use the <B>--keep-dirlinks</B> option (which will also
|
|
affect symlinks to directories in the rest of the transfer).
|
|
<DT id="97"><DD>
|
|
When pulling files from an rsync older than 3.0.0, you may need to use this
|
|
option if the sending side has a symlink in the path you request and you
|
|
wish the implied directories to be transferred as normal directories.
|
|
<DT id="98"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="99"><B>-b, --backup</B><DD>
|
|
With this option, preexisting destination files are
|
|
renamed as each file is transferred or deleted. You can control where the
|
|
backup file goes and what (if any) suffix gets appended using the
|
|
<B>--backup-dir</B> and <B>--suffix</B> options.
|
|
<DT id="100"><DD>
|
|
Note that if you don't specify <B>--backup-dir</B>, (1) the
|
|
<B>--omit-dir-times</B> option will be forced on, and (2) if <B>--delete</B> is
|
|
also in effect (without <B>--delete-excluded</B>), rsync will add a "protect"
|
|
filter-rule for the backup suffix to the end of all your existing excludes
|
|
(e.g. <B>-f "P *~"</B>). This will prevent previously backed-up files from being
|
|
deleted. Note that if you are supplying your own filter rules, you may
|
|
need to manually insert your own exclude/protect rule somewhere higher up
|
|
in the list so that it has a high enough priority to be effective (e.g., if
|
|
your rules specify a trailing inclusion/exclusion of '*', the auto-added
|
|
rule would never be reached).
|
|
<DT id="101"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="102"><B>--backup-dir=DIR</B><DD>
|
|
This implies the <B>--backup</B> option, and
|
|
tells rsync to store all backups in the specified directory on the receiving
|
|
side. This can be used for incremental backups. You can additionally
|
|
specify a backup suffix using the <B>--suffix</B> option
|
|
(otherwise the files backed up in the specified directory
|
|
will keep their original filenames).
|
|
<DT id="103"><DD>
|
|
Note that if you specify a relative path, the backup directory will be
|
|
relative to the destination directory, so you probably want to specify
|
|
either an absolute path or a path that starts with "../". If an rsync
|
|
daemon is the receiver, the backup dir cannot go outside the module's path
|
|
hierarchy, so take extra care not to delete it or copy into it.
|
|
<DT id="104"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="105"><B>--suffix=SUFFIX</B><DD>
|
|
This option allows you to override the default
|
|
backup suffix used with the <B>--backup</B> (<B>-b</B>) option. The default suffix is a ~
|
|
if no -<B>-backup-dir</B> was specified, otherwise it is an empty string.
|
|
<DT id="106"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="107"><B>-u, --update</B><DD>
|
|
This forces rsync to skip any files which exist on
|
|
the destination and have a modified time that is newer than the source
|
|
file. (If an existing destination file has a modification time equal to the
|
|
source file's, it will be updated if the sizes are different.)
|
|
<DT id="108"><DD>
|
|
Note that this does not affect the copying of dirs, symlinks, or other special
|
|
files. Also, a difference of file format between the sender and receiver
|
|
is always considered to be important enough for an update, no matter what
|
|
date is on the objects. In other words, if the source has a directory
|
|
where the destination has a file, the transfer would occur regardless of
|
|
the timestamps.
|
|
<DT id="109"><DD>
|
|
This option is a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn't affect the
|
|
data that goes into the file-lists, and thus it doesn't affect deletions.
|
|
It just limits the files that the receiver requests to be transferred.
|
|
<DT id="110"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="111"><B>--inplace</B><DD>
|
|
This option changes how rsync transfers a file when
|
|
its data needs to be updated: instead of the default method of creating
|
|
a new copy of the file and moving it into place when it is complete, rsync
|
|
instead writes the updated data directly to the destination file.
|
|
<DT id="112"><DD>
|
|
This has several effects:
|
|
<DT id="113"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="114"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="115">o<DD>
|
|
Hard links are not broken. This means the new data will be visible
|
|
through other hard links to the destination file. Moreover, attempts to
|
|
copy differing source files onto a multiply-linked destination file will
|
|
result in a "tug of war" with the destination data changing back and forth.
|
|
<DT id="116">o<DD>
|
|
In-use binaries cannot be updated (either the OS will prevent this from
|
|
happening, or binaries that attempt to swap-in their data will misbehave or
|
|
crash).
|
|
<DT id="117">o<DD>
|
|
The file's data will be in an inconsistent state during the transfer
|
|
and will be left that way if the transfer is interrupted or if an update
|
|
fails.
|
|
<DT id="118">o<DD>
|
|
A file that rsync cannot write to cannot be updated. While a super user
|
|
can update any file, a normal user needs to be granted write permission for
|
|
the open of the file for writing to be successful.
|
|
<DT id="119">o<DD>
|
|
The efficiency of rsync's delta-transfer algorithm may be reduced if
|
|
some data in the destination file is overwritten before it can be copied to
|
|
a position later in the file. This does not apply if you use <B>--backup</B>,
|
|
since rsync is smart enough to use the backup file as the basis file for the
|
|
transfer.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="120"><DD>
|
|
WARNING: you should not use this option to update files that are being
|
|
accessed by others, so be careful when choosing to use this for a copy.
|
|
<DT id="121"><DD>
|
|
This option is useful for transferring large files with block-based changes
|
|
or appended data, and also on systems that are disk bound, not network
|
|
bound. It can also help keep a copy-on-write filesystem snapshot from
|
|
diverging the entire contents of a file that only has minor changes.
|
|
<DT id="122"><DD>
|
|
The option implies <B>--partial</B> (since an interrupted transfer does not delete
|
|
the file), but conflicts with <B>--partial-dir</B> and <B>--delay-updates</B>.
|
|
Prior to rsync 2.6.4 <B>--inplace</B> was also incompatible with <B>--compare-dest</B>
|
|
and <B>--link-dest</B>.
|
|
<DT id="123"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="124"><B>--append</B><DD>
|
|
This causes rsync to update a file by appending data onto
|
|
the end of the file, which presumes that the data that already exists on
|
|
the receiving side is identical with the start of the file on the sending
|
|
side. If a file needs to be transferred and its size on the receiver is
|
|
the same or longer than the size on the sender, the file is skipped. This
|
|
does not interfere with the updating of a file's non-content attributes
|
|
(e.g. permissions, ownership, etc.) when the file does not need to be
|
|
transferred, nor does it affect the updating of any non-regular files.
|
|
Implies <B>--inplace</B>.
|
|
<DT id="125"><DD>
|
|
The use of <B>--append</B> can be dangerous if you aren't 100% sure that the files
|
|
that are longer have only grown by the appending of data onto the end. You
|
|
should thus use include/exclude/filter rules to ensure that such a transfer is
|
|
only affecting files that you know to be growing via appended data.
|
|
<DT id="126"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="127"><B>--append-verify</B><DD>
|
|
This works just like the <B>--append</B> option, but
|
|
the existing data on the receiving side is included in the full-file
|
|
checksum verification step, which will cause a file to be resent if the
|
|
final verification step fails (rsync uses a normal, non-appending
|
|
<B>--inplace</B> transfer for the resend).
|
|
<DT id="128"><DD>
|
|
Note: prior to rsync 3.0.0, the <B>--append</B> option worked like
|
|
<B>--append-verify</B>, so if you are interacting with an older rsync (or the
|
|
transfer is using a protocol prior to 30), specifying either append option
|
|
will initiate an <B>--append-verify</B> transfer.
|
|
<DT id="129"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="130"><B>-d, --dirs</B><DD>
|
|
Tell the sending side to include any directories that
|
|
are encountered. Unlike <B>--recursive</B>, a directory's contents are not copied
|
|
unless the directory name specified is "." or ends with a trailing slash
|
|
(e.g. ".", "dir/.", "dir/", etc.). Without this option or the
|
|
<B>--recursive</B> option, rsync will skip all directories it encounters (and
|
|
output a message to that effect for each one). If you specify both
|
|
<B>--dirs</B> and <B>--recursive</B>, <B>--recursive</B> takes precedence.
|
|
<DT id="131"><DD>
|
|
The <B>--dirs</B> option is implied by the <B>--files-from</B> option
|
|
or the <B>--list-only</B> option (including an implied
|
|
<B>--list-only</B> usage) if <B>--recursive</B> wasn't specified (so that
|
|
directories are seen in the listing). Specify <B>--no-dirs</B> (or <B>--no-d</B>)
|
|
if you want to turn this off.
|
|
<DT id="132"><DD>
|
|
There is also a backward-compatibility helper option, <B>--old-dirs</B> (or
|
|
<B>--old-d</B>) that tells rsync to use a hack of "-r --exclude='/*/*'" to get
|
|
an older rsync to list a single directory without recursing.
|
|
<DT id="133"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="134"><B>-l, --links</B><DD>
|
|
When symlinks are encountered, recreate the
|
|
symlink on the destination.
|
|
<DT id="135"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="136"><B>-L, --copy-links</B><DD>
|
|
When symlinks are encountered, the item that
|
|
they point to (the referent) is copied, rather than the symlink. In older
|
|
versions of rsync, this option also had the side-effect of telling the
|
|
receiving side to follow symlinks, such as symlinks to directories. In a
|
|
modern rsync such as this one, you'll need to specify <B>--keep-dirlinks</B> (<B>-K</B>)
|
|
to get this extra behavior. The only exception is when sending files to
|
|
an rsync that is too old to understand <B>-K</B> -- in that case, the <B>-L</B> option
|
|
will still have the side-effect of <B>-K</B> on that older receiving rsync.
|
|
<DT id="137"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="138"><B>--copy-unsafe-links</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to copy the referent of
|
|
symbolic links that point outside the copied tree. Absolute symlinks
|
|
are also treated like ordinary files, and so are any symlinks in the
|
|
source path itself when <B>--relative</B> is used. This option has no
|
|
additional effect if <B>--copy-links</B> was also specified.
|
|
<DT id="139"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="140"><B>--safe-links</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to ignore any symbolic links
|
|
which point outside the copied tree. All absolute symlinks are
|
|
also ignored. Using this option in conjunction with <B>--relative</B> may
|
|
give unexpected results.
|
|
<DT id="141"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="142"><B>--munge-links</B><DD>
|
|
This option tells rsync to (1) modify all symlinks on
|
|
the receiving side in a way that makes them unusable but recoverable (see
|
|
below), or (2) to unmunge symlinks on the sending side that had been stored in
|
|
a munged state. This is useful if you don't quite trust the source of the data
|
|
to not try to slip in a symlink to a unexpected place.
|
|
<DT id="143"><DD>
|
|
The way rsync disables the use of symlinks is to prefix each one with the
|
|
string "/rsyncd-munged/". This prevents the links from being used as long as
|
|
that directory does not exist. When this option is enabled, rsync will refuse
|
|
to run if that path is a directory or a symlink to a directory.
|
|
<DT id="144"><DD>
|
|
The option only affects the client side of the transfer, so if you need it to
|
|
affect the server, specify it via <B>--remote-option</B>. (Note that in a local
|
|
transfer, the client side is the sender.)
|
|
<DT id="145"><DD>
|
|
This option has no affect on a daemon, since the daemon configures whether it
|
|
wants munged symlinks via its "munge symlinks" parameter. See also the
|
|
"munge-symlinks" perl script in the support directory of the source code.
|
|
<DT id="146"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="147"><B>-k, --copy-dirlinks</B><DD>
|
|
This option causes the sending side to treat
|
|
a symlink to a directory as though it were a real directory. This is
|
|
useful if you don't want symlinks to non-directories to be affected, as
|
|
they would be using <B>--copy-links</B>.
|
|
<DT id="148"><DD>
|
|
Without this option, if the sending side has replaced a directory with a
|
|
symlink to a directory, the receiving side will delete anything that is in
|
|
the way of the new symlink, including a directory hierarchy (as long as
|
|
<B>--force</B> or <B>--delete</B> is in effect).
|
|
<DT id="149"><DD>
|
|
See also <B>--keep-dirlinks</B> for an analogous option for the receiving
|
|
side.
|
|
<DT id="150"><DD>
|
|
<B>--copy-dirlinks</B> applies to all symlinks to directories in the source. If
|
|
you want to follow only a few specified symlinks, a trick you can use is to
|
|
pass them as additional source args with a trailing slash, using <B>--relative</B>
|
|
to make the paths match up right. For example:
|
|
<DT id="151"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="152"><DD>
|
|
rsync -r --relative src/./ src/./follow-me/ dest/
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="153"><DD>
|
|
This works because rsync calls <B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+lstat">lstat</A></B>(2) on the source arg as given, and the
|
|
trailing slash makes <B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+lstat">lstat</A></B>(2) follow the symlink, giving rise to a directory
|
|
in the file-list which overrides the symlink found during the scan of "src/./".
|
|
<DT id="154"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="155"><B>-K, --keep-dirlinks</B><DD>
|
|
This option causes the receiving side to treat
|
|
a symlink to a directory as though it were a real directory, but only if it
|
|
matches a real directory from the sender. Without this option, the
|
|
receiver's symlink would be deleted and replaced with a real directory.
|
|
<DT id="156"><DD>
|
|
For example, suppose you transfer a directory "foo" that contains a file
|
|
"file", but "foo" is a symlink to directory "bar" on the receiver. Without
|
|
<B>--keep-dirlinks</B>, the receiver deletes symlink "foo", recreates it as a
|
|
directory, and receives the file into the new directory. With
|
|
<B>--keep-dirlinks</B>, the receiver keeps the symlink and "file" ends up in
|
|
"bar".
|
|
<DT id="157"><DD>
|
|
One note of caution: if you use <B>--keep-dirlinks</B>, you must trust all
|
|
the symlinks in the copy! If it is possible for an untrusted user to
|
|
create their own symlink to any directory, the user could then (on a
|
|
subsequent copy) replace the symlink with a real directory and affect the
|
|
content of whatever directory the symlink references. For backup copies,
|
|
you are better off using something like a bind mount instead of a symlink
|
|
to modify your receiving hierarchy.
|
|
<DT id="158"><DD>
|
|
See also <B>--copy-dirlinks</B> for an analogous option for the sending side.
|
|
<DT id="159"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="160"><B>-H, --hard-links</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to look for hard-linked files in
|
|
the source and link together the corresponding files on the destination.
|
|
Without this option, hard-linked files in the source are treated
|
|
as though they were separate files.
|
|
<DT id="161"><DD>
|
|
This option does NOT necessarily ensure that the pattern of hard links on the
|
|
destination exactly matches that on the source. Cases in which the
|
|
destination may end up with extra hard links include the following:
|
|
<DT id="162"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="163"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="164">o<DD>
|
|
If the destination contains extraneous hard-links (more linking than
|
|
what is present in the source file list), the copying algorithm will not
|
|
break them explicitly. However, if one or more of the paths have content
|
|
differences, the normal file-update process will break those extra links
|
|
(unless you are using the <B>--inplace</B> option).
|
|
<DT id="165">o<DD>
|
|
If you specify a <B>--link-dest</B> directory that contains hard links,
|
|
the linking of the destination files against the <B>--link-dest</B> files can
|
|
cause some paths in the destination to become linked together due to the
|
|
<B>--link-dest</B> associations.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="166"><DD>
|
|
Note that rsync can only detect hard links between files that are inside
|
|
the transfer set. If rsync updates a file that has extra hard-link
|
|
connections to files outside the transfer, that linkage will be broken. If
|
|
you are tempted to use the <B>--inplace</B> option to avoid this breakage, be
|
|
very careful that you know how your files are being updated so that you are
|
|
certain that no unintended changes happen due to lingering hard links (and
|
|
see the <B>--inplace</B> option for more caveats).
|
|
<DT id="167"><DD>
|
|
If incremental recursion is active (see <B>--recursive</B>), rsync may transfer
|
|
a missing hard-linked file before it finds that another link for that contents
|
|
exists elsewhere in the hierarchy. This does not affect the accuracy of
|
|
the transfer (i.e. which files are hard-linked together), just its efficiency
|
|
(i.e. copying the data for a new, early copy of a hard-linked file that could
|
|
have been found later in the transfer in another member of the hard-linked
|
|
set of files). One way to avoid this inefficiency is to disable
|
|
incremental recursion using the <B>--no-inc-recursive</B> option.
|
|
<DT id="168"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="169"><B>-p, --perms</B><DD>
|
|
This option causes the receiving rsync to set the
|
|
destination permissions to be the same as the source permissions. (See
|
|
also the <B>--chmod</B> option for a way to modify what rsync considers to
|
|
be the source permissions.)
|
|
<DT id="170"><DD>
|
|
When this option is <I>off</I>, permissions are set as follows:
|
|
<DT id="171"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="172"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="173">o<DD>
|
|
Existing files (including updated files) retain their existing
|
|
permissions, though the <B>--executability</B> option might change just
|
|
the execute permission for the file.
|
|
<DT id="174">o<DD>
|
|
New files get their "normal" permission bits set to the source
|
|
file's permissions masked with the receiving directory's default
|
|
permissions (either the receiving process's umask, or the permissions
|
|
specified via the destination directory's default ACL), and
|
|
their special permission bits disabled except in the case where a new
|
|
directory inherits a setgid bit from its parent directory.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="175"><DD>
|
|
Thus, when <B>--perms</B> and <B>--executability</B> are both disabled,
|
|
rsync's behavior is the same as that of other file-copy utilities,
|
|
such as <B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+cp">cp</A></B>(1) and <B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+tar">tar</A></B>(1).
|
|
<DT id="176"><DD>
|
|
In summary: to give destination files (both old and new) the source
|
|
permissions, use <B>--perms</B>. To give new files the destination-default
|
|
permissions (while leaving existing files unchanged), make sure that the
|
|
<B>--perms</B> option is off and use <B>--chmod=ugo=rwX</B> (which ensures that
|
|
all non-masked bits get enabled). If you'd care to make this latter
|
|
behavior easier to type, you could define a popt alias for it, such as
|
|
putting this line in the file ~/.popt (the following defines the <B>-Z</B> option,
|
|
and includes --no-g to use the default group of the destination dir):
|
|
<DT id="177"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="178"><DD>
|
|
rsync alias -Z --no-p --no-g --chmod=ugo=rwX
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="179"><DD>
|
|
You could then use this new option in a command such as this one:
|
|
<DT id="180"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="181"><DD>
|
|
rsync -avZ src/ dest/
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="182"><DD>
|
|
(Caveat: make sure that <B>-a</B> does not follow <B>-Z</B>, or it will re-enable
|
|
the two "--no-*" options mentioned above.)
|
|
<DT id="183"><DD>
|
|
The preservation of the destination's setgid bit on newly-created
|
|
directories when <B>--perms</B> is off was added in rsync 2.6.7. Older rsync
|
|
versions erroneously preserved the three special permission bits for
|
|
newly-created files when <B>--perms</B> was off, while overriding the
|
|
destination's setgid bit setting on a newly-created directory. Default ACL
|
|
observance was added to the ACL patch for rsync 2.6.7, so older (or
|
|
non-ACL-enabled) rsyncs use the umask even if default ACLs are present.
|
|
(Keep in mind that it is the version of the receiving rsync that affects
|
|
these behaviors.)
|
|
<DT id="184"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="185"><B>-E, --executability</B><DD>
|
|
This option causes rsync to preserve the
|
|
executability (or non-executability) of regular files when <B>--perms</B> is
|
|
not enabled. A regular file is considered to be executable if at least one
|
|
'x' is turned on in its permissions. When an existing destination file's
|
|
executability differs from that of the corresponding source file, rsync
|
|
modifies the destination file's permissions as follows:
|
|
<DT id="186"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="187"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="188">o<DD>
|
|
To make a file non-executable, rsync turns off all its 'x'
|
|
permissions.
|
|
<DT id="189">o<DD>
|
|
To make a file executable, rsync turns on each 'x' permission that
|
|
has a corresponding 'r' permission enabled.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="190"><DD>
|
|
If <B>--perms</B> is enabled, this option is ignored.
|
|
<DT id="191"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="192"><B>-A, --acls</B><DD>
|
|
This option causes rsync to update the destination
|
|
ACLs to be the same as the source ACLs.
|
|
The option also implies <B>--perms</B>.
|
|
<DT id="193"><DD>
|
|
The source and destination systems must have compatible ACL entries for this
|
|
option to work properly. See the <B>--fake-super</B> option for a way to backup
|
|
and restore ACLs that are not compatible.
|
|
<DT id="194"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="195"><B>-X, --xattrs</B><DD>
|
|
This option causes rsync to update the destination
|
|
extended attributes to be the same as the source ones.
|
|
<DT id="196"><DD>
|
|
For systems that support extended-attribute namespaces, a copy being done by a
|
|
super-user copies all namespaces except system.*. A normal user only copies
|
|
the user.* namespace. To be able to backup and restore non-user namespaces as
|
|
a normal user, see the <B>--fake-super</B> option.
|
|
<DT id="197"><DD>
|
|
The above name filtering can be overridden by using one or more filter options
|
|
with the <B>x</B> modifier. When you specify an xattr-affecting filter rule, rsync
|
|
requires that you do your own system/user filtering, as well as any additional
|
|
filtering for what xattr names are copied and what names are allowed to be
|
|
deleted. For example, to skip the system namespace, you could specify:
|
|
<DT id="198"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="199"><DD>
|
|
--filter='-x system.*'
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="200"><DD>
|
|
To skip all namespaces except the user namespace, you could specify a
|
|
negated-user match:
|
|
<DT id="201"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="202"><DD>
|
|
--filter='-x! user.*'
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="203"><DD>
|
|
To prevent any attributes from being deleted, you could specify a receiver-only
|
|
rule that excludes all names:
|
|
<DT id="204"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="205"><DD>
|
|
--filter='-xr *'
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="206"><DD>
|
|
Note that the <B>-X</B> option does not copy rsync's special xattr values (e.g.
|
|
those used by <B>--fake-super</B>) unless you repeat the option (e.g. -XX).
|
|
This "copy all xattrs" mode cannot be used with <B>--fake-super</B>.
|
|
<DT id="207"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="208"><B>--chmod</B><DD>
|
|
This option tells rsync to apply one or more
|
|
comma-separated "chmod" modes to the permission of the files in the
|
|
transfer. The resulting value is treated as though it were the permissions
|
|
that the sending side supplied for the file, which means that this option
|
|
can seem to have no effect on existing files if <B>--perms</B> is not enabled.
|
|
<DT id="209"><DD>
|
|
In addition to the normal parsing rules specified in the <B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+chmod">chmod</A></B>(1)
|
|
manpage, you can specify an item that should only apply to a directory by
|
|
prefixing it with a 'D', or specify an item that should only apply to a
|
|
file by prefixing it with a 'F'. For example, the following will ensure
|
|
that all directories get marked set-gid, that no files are other-writable,
|
|
that both are user-writable and group-writable, and that both have
|
|
consistent executability across all bits:
|
|
<DT id="210"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="211"><DD>
|
|
--chmod=Dg+s,ug+w,Fo-w,+X
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="212"><DD>
|
|
Using octal mode numbers is also allowed:
|
|
<DT id="213"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="214"><DD>
|
|
--chmod=D2775,F664
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="215"><DD>
|
|
It is also legal to specify multiple <B>--chmod</B> options, as each
|
|
additional option is just appended to the list of changes to make.
|
|
<DT id="216"><DD>
|
|
See the <B>--perms</B> and <B>--executability</B> options for how the resulting
|
|
permission value can be applied to the files in the transfer.
|
|
<DT id="217"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="218"><B>-o, --owner</B><DD>
|
|
This option causes rsync to set the owner of the
|
|
destination file to be the same as the source file, but only if the
|
|
receiving rsync is being run as the super-user (see also the <B>--super</B>
|
|
and <B>--fake-super</B> options).
|
|
Without this option, the owner of new and/or transferred files are set to
|
|
the invoking user on the receiving side.
|
|
<DT id="219"><DD>
|
|
The preservation of ownership will associate matching names by default, but
|
|
may fall back to using the ID number in some circumstances (see also the
|
|
<B>--numeric-ids</B> option for a full discussion).
|
|
<DT id="220"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="221"><B>-g, --group</B><DD>
|
|
This option causes rsync to set the group of the
|
|
destination file to be the same as the source file. If the receiving
|
|
program is not running as the super-user (or if <B>--no-super</B> was
|
|
specified), only groups that the invoking user on the receiving side
|
|
is a member of will be preserved.
|
|
Without this option, the group is set to the default group of the invoking
|
|
user on the receiving side.
|
|
<DT id="222"><DD>
|
|
The preservation of group information will associate matching names by
|
|
default, but may fall back to using the ID number in some circumstances
|
|
(see also the <B>--numeric-ids</B> option for a full discussion).
|
|
<DT id="223"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="224"><B>--devices</B><DD>
|
|
This option causes rsync to transfer character and
|
|
block device files to the remote system to recreate these devices.
|
|
This option has no effect if the receiving rsync is not run as the
|
|
super-user (see also the <B>--super</B> and <B>--fake-super</B> options).
|
|
<DT id="225"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="226"><B>--specials</B><DD>
|
|
This option causes rsync to transfer special files
|
|
such as named sockets and fifos.
|
|
<DT id="227"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="228"><B>-D</B><DD>
|
|
The <B>-D</B> option is equivalent to <B>--devices</B> <B>--specials</B>.
|
|
<DT id="229"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="230"><B>-t, --times</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to transfer modification times along
|
|
with the files and update them on the remote system. Note that if this
|
|
option is not used, the optimization that excludes files that have not been
|
|
modified cannot be effective; in other words, a missing <B>-t</B> or <B>-a</B> will
|
|
cause the next transfer to behave as if it used <B>-I</B>, causing all files to be
|
|
updated (though rsync's delta-transfer algorithm will make the update fairly efficient
|
|
if the files haven't actually changed, you're much better off using <B>-t</B>).
|
|
<DT id="231"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="232"><B>-O, --omit-dir-times</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to omit directories when
|
|
it is preserving modification times (see <B>--times</B>). If NFS is sharing
|
|
the directories on the receiving side, it is a good idea to use <B>-O</B>.
|
|
This option is inferred if you use <B>--backup</B> without <B>--backup-dir</B>.
|
|
<DT id="233"><DD>
|
|
This option also has the side-effect of avoiding early creation of directories
|
|
in incremental recursion copies. The default <B>--inc-recursive</B> copying
|
|
normally does an early-create pass of all the sub-directories in a parent
|
|
directory in order for it to be able to then set the modify time of the parent
|
|
directory right away (without having to delay that until a bunch of recursive
|
|
copying has finished). This early-create idiom is not necessary if directory
|
|
modify times are not being preserved, so it is skipped. Since early-create
|
|
directories don't have accurate mode, mtime, or ownership, the use of this
|
|
option can help when someone wants to avoid these partially-finished
|
|
directories.
|
|
<DT id="234"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="235"><B>-J, --omit-link-times</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to omit symlinks when
|
|
it is preserving modification times (see <B>--times</B>).
|
|
<DT id="236"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="237"><B>--super</B><DD>
|
|
This tells the receiving side to attempt super-user
|
|
activities even if the receiving rsync wasn't run by the super-user. These
|
|
activities include: preserving users via the <B>--owner</B> option, preserving
|
|
all groups (not just the current user's groups) via the <B>--groups</B>
|
|
option, and copying devices via the <B>--devices</B> option. This is useful
|
|
for systems that allow such activities without being the super-user, and
|
|
also for ensuring that you will get errors if the receiving side isn't
|
|
being run as the super-user. To turn off super-user activities, the
|
|
super-user can use <B>--no-super</B>.
|
|
<DT id="238"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="239"><B>--fake-super</B><DD>
|
|
When this option is enabled, rsync simulates
|
|
super-user activities by saving/restoring the privileged attributes via
|
|
special extended attributes that are attached to each file (as needed). This
|
|
includes the file's owner and group (if it is not the default), the file's
|
|
device info (device & special files are created as empty text files), and
|
|
any permission bits that we won't allow to be set on the real file (e.g.
|
|
the real file gets u-s,g-s,o-t for safety) or that would limit the owner's
|
|
access (since the real super-user can always access/change a file, the
|
|
files we create can always be accessed/changed by the creating user).
|
|
This option also handles ACLs (if <B>--acls</B> was specified) and non-user
|
|
extended attributes (if <B>--xattrs</B> was specified).
|
|
<DT id="240"><DD>
|
|
This is a good way to backup data without using a super-user, and to store
|
|
ACLs from incompatible systems.
|
|
<DT id="241"><DD>
|
|
The <B>--fake-super</B> option only affects the side where the option is used.
|
|
To affect the remote side of a remote-shell connection, use the
|
|
<B>--remote-option</B> (<B>-M</B>) option:
|
|
<DT id="242"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="243"><DD>
|
|
rsync -av -M--fake-super /src/ host:/dest/
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="244"><DD>
|
|
For a local copy, this option affects both the source and the destination.
|
|
If you wish a local copy to enable this option just for the destination
|
|
files, specify <B>-M--fake-super</B>. If you wish a local copy to enable
|
|
this option just for the source files, combine <B>--fake-super</B> with
|
|
<B>-M--super</B>.
|
|
<DT id="245"><DD>
|
|
This option is overridden by both <B>--super</B> and <B>--no-super</B>.
|
|
<DT id="246"><DD>
|
|
See also the "fake super" setting in the daemon's rsyncd.conf file.
|
|
<DT id="247"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="248"><B>-S, --sparse</B><DD>
|
|
Try to handle sparse files efficiently so they take
|
|
up less space on the destination. If combined with <B>--inplace</B> the
|
|
file created might not end up with sparse blocks with some combinations
|
|
of kernel version and/or filesystem type. If <B>--whole-file</B> is in
|
|
effect (e.g. for a local copy) then it will always work because rsync
|
|
truncates the file prior to writing out the updated version.
|
|
<DT id="249"><DD>
|
|
Note that versions of rsync older than 3.1.3 will reject the combination of
|
|
<B>--sparse</B> and <B>--inplace</B>.
|
|
<DT id="250"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="251"><B>--preallocate</B><DD>
|
|
This tells the receiver to allocate each destination
|
|
file to its eventual size before writing data to the file. Rsync will only
|
|
use the real filesystem-level preallocation support provided by Linux's
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+fallocate">fallocate</A></B>(2) system call or Cygwin's <B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+posix_fallocate">posix_fallocate</A></B>(3), not the slow
|
|
glibc implementation that writes a null byte into each block.
|
|
<DT id="252"><DD>
|
|
Without this option, larger files may not be entirely contiguous on the
|
|
filesystem, but with this option rsync will probably copy more slowly. If the
|
|
destination is not an extent-supporting filesystem (such as ext4, xfs, NTFS,
|
|
etc.), this option may have no positive effect at all.
|
|
<DT id="253"><DD>
|
|
If combined with <B>--sparse</B>, the file will only have sparse blocks (as
|
|
opposed to allocated sequences of null bytes) if the kernel version and
|
|
filesystem type support creating holes in the allocated data.
|
|
<DT id="254"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="255"><B>-n, --dry-run</B><DD>
|
|
This makes rsync perform a trial run that doesn't
|
|
make any changes (and produces mostly the same output as a real run). It
|
|
is most commonly used in combination with the <B>-v, --verbose</B> and/or
|
|
<B>-i, --itemize-changes</B> options to see what an rsync command is going
|
|
to do before one actually runs it.
|
|
<DT id="256"><DD>
|
|
The output of <B>--itemize-changes</B> is supposed to be exactly the same on a
|
|
dry run and a subsequent real run (barring intentional trickery and system
|
|
call failures); if it isn't, that's a bug. Other output should be mostly
|
|
unchanged, but may differ in some areas. Notably, a dry run does not
|
|
send the actual data for file transfers, so <B>--progress</B> has no effect,
|
|
the "bytes sent", "bytes received", "literal data", and "matched data"
|
|
statistics are too small, and the "speedup" value is equivalent to a run
|
|
where no file transfers were needed.
|
|
<DT id="257"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="258"><B>-W, --whole-file</B><DD>
|
|
This option disables rsync's delta-transfer algorithm,
|
|
which causes all transferred files to be sent whole. The transfer may be
|
|
faster if this option is used when the bandwidth between the source and
|
|
destination machines is higher than the bandwidth to disk (especially when the
|
|
"disk" is actually a networked filesystem). This is the default when both
|
|
the source and destination are specified as local paths, but only if no
|
|
batch-writing option is in effect.
|
|
<DT id="259"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="260"><B>--checksum-choice=STR</B><DD>
|
|
This option overrides the checksum algoriths.
|
|
If one algorithm name is specified, it is used for both the transfer checksums
|
|
and (assuming <B>--checksum</B> is specified) the pre-transfer checksumming. If two
|
|
comma-separated names are supplied, the first name affects the transfer
|
|
checksums, and the second name affects the pre-transfer checksumming.
|
|
<DT id="261"><DD>
|
|
The algorithm choices are "auto", "md4", "md5", and "none". If "none" is
|
|
specified for the first name, the <B>--whole-file</B> option is forced on and no
|
|
checksum verification is performed on the transferred data. If "none" is
|
|
specified for the second name, the <B>--checksum</B> option cannot be used. The
|
|
"auto" option is the default, where rsync bases its algorithm choice on the
|
|
protocol version (for backward compatibility with older rsync versions).
|
|
<DT id="262"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="263"><B>-x, --one-file-system</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to avoid crossing a
|
|
filesystem boundary when recursing. This does not limit the user's ability
|
|
to specify items to copy from multiple filesystems, just rsync's recursion
|
|
through the hierarchy of each directory that the user specified, and also
|
|
the analogous recursion on the receiving side during deletion. Also keep
|
|
in mind that rsync treats a "bind" mount to the same device as being on the
|
|
same filesystem.
|
|
<DT id="264"><DD>
|
|
If this option is repeated, rsync omits all mount-point directories from
|
|
the copy. Otherwise, it includes an empty directory at each mount-point it
|
|
encounters (using the attributes of the mounted directory because those of
|
|
the underlying mount-point directory are inaccessible).
|
|
<DT id="265"><DD>
|
|
If rsync has been told to collapse symlinks (via <B>--copy-links</B> or
|
|
<B>--copy-unsafe-links</B>), a symlink to a directory on another device is
|
|
treated like a mount-point. Symlinks to non-directories are unaffected
|
|
by this option.
|
|
<DT id="266"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="267"><B>--existing, --ignore-non-existing</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to skip
|
|
creating files (including directories) that do not exist
|
|
yet on the destination. If this option is
|
|
combined with the <B>--ignore-existing</B> option, no files will be updated
|
|
(which can be useful if all you want to do is delete extraneous files).
|
|
<DT id="268"><DD>
|
|
This option is a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn't affect the
|
|
data that goes into the file-lists, and thus it doesn't affect deletions.
|
|
It just limits the files that the receiver requests to be transferred.
|
|
<DT id="269"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="270"><B>--ignore-existing</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to skip updating files that
|
|
already exist on the destination (this does <I>not</I> ignore existing
|
|
directories, or nothing would get done). See also <B>--existing</B>.
|
|
<DT id="271"><DD>
|
|
This option is a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn't affect the
|
|
data that goes into the file-lists, and thus it doesn't affect deletions.
|
|
It just limits the files that the receiver requests to be transferred.
|
|
<DT id="272"><DD>
|
|
This option can be useful for those doing backups using the <B>--link-dest</B>
|
|
option when they need to continue a backup run that got interrupted. Since
|
|
a <B>--link-dest</B> run is copied into a new directory hierarchy (when it is
|
|
used properly), using <B>--ignore existing</B> will ensure that the
|
|
already-handled files don't get tweaked (which avoids a change in
|
|
permissions on the hard-linked files). This does mean that this option
|
|
is only looking at the existing files in the destination hierarchy itself.
|
|
<DT id="273"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="274"><B>--remove-source-files</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to remove from the sending
|
|
side the files (meaning non-directories) that are a part of the transfer
|
|
and have been successfully duplicated on the receiving side.
|
|
<DT id="275"><DD>
|
|
Note that you should only use this option on source files that are quiescent.
|
|
If you are using this to move files that show up in a particular directory over
|
|
to another host, make sure that the finished files get renamed into the source
|
|
directory, not directly written into it, so that rsync can't possibly transfer
|
|
a file that is not yet fully written. If you can't first write the files into
|
|
a different directory, you should use a naming idiom that lets rsync avoid
|
|
transferring files that are not yet finished (e.g. name the file "foo.new" when
|
|
it is written, rename it to "foo" when it is done, and then use the option
|
|
<B>--exclude='*.new'</B> for the rsync transfer).
|
|
<DT id="276"><DD>
|
|
Starting with 3.1.0, rsync will skip the sender-side removal (and output an
|
|
error) if the file's size or modify time has not stayed unchanged.
|
|
<DT id="277"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="278"><B>--delete</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to delete extraneous files from the
|
|
receiving side (ones that aren't on the sending side), but only for the
|
|
directories that are being synchronized. You must have asked rsync to
|
|
send the whole directory (e.g. "dir" or "dir/") without using a wildcard
|
|
for the directory's contents (e.g. "dir/*") since the wildcard is expanded
|
|
by the shell and rsync thus gets a request to transfer individual files, not
|
|
the files' parent directory. Files that are excluded from the transfer are
|
|
also excluded from being deleted unless you use the <B>--delete-excluded</B>
|
|
option or mark the rules as only matching on the sending side (see the
|
|
include/exclude modifiers in the FILTER RULES section).
|
|
<DT id="279"><DD>
|
|
Prior to rsync 2.6.7, this option would have no effect unless <B>--recursive</B>
|
|
was enabled. Beginning with 2.6.7, deletions will also occur when <B>--dirs</B>
|
|
(<B>-d</B>) is enabled, but only for directories whose contents are being copied.
|
|
<DT id="280"><DD>
|
|
This option can be dangerous if used incorrectly! It is a very good idea to
|
|
first try a run using the <B>--dry-run</B> option (<B>-n</B>) to see what files are
|
|
going to be deleted.
|
|
<DT id="281"><DD>
|
|
If the sending side detects any I/O errors, then the deletion of any
|
|
files at the destination will be automatically disabled. This is to
|
|
prevent temporary filesystem failures (such as NFS errors) on the
|
|
sending side from causing a massive deletion of files on the
|
|
destination. You can override this with the <B>--ignore-errors</B> option.
|
|
<DT id="282"><DD>
|
|
The <B>--delete</B> option may be combined with one of the --delete-WHEN options
|
|
without conflict, as well as <B>--delete-excluded</B>. However, if none of the
|
|
--delete-WHEN options are specified, rsync will choose the
|
|
<B>--delete-during</B> algorithm when talking to rsync 3.0.0 or newer, and
|
|
the <B>--delete-before</B> algorithm when talking to an older rsync. See also
|
|
<B>--delete-delay</B> and <B>--delete-after</B>.
|
|
<DT id="283"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="284"><B>--delete-before</B><DD>
|
|
Request that the file-deletions on the receiving
|
|
side be done before the transfer starts.
|
|
See <B>--delete</B> (which is implied) for more details on file-deletion.
|
|
<DT id="285"><DD>
|
|
Deleting before the transfer is helpful if the filesystem is tight for space
|
|
and removing extraneous files would help to make the transfer possible.
|
|
However, it does introduce a delay before the start of the transfer,
|
|
and this delay might cause the transfer to timeout (if <B>--timeout</B> was
|
|
specified). It also forces rsync to use the old, non-incremental recursion
|
|
algorithm that requires rsync to scan all the files in the transfer into
|
|
memory at once (see <B>--recursive</B>).
|
|
<DT id="286"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="287"><B>--delete-during, --del</B><DD>
|
|
Request that the file-deletions on the
|
|
receiving side be done incrementally as the transfer happens. The
|
|
per-directory delete scan is done right before each directory is checked
|
|
for updates, so it behaves like a more efficient <B>--delete-before</B>,
|
|
including doing the deletions prior to any per-directory filter files
|
|
being updated. This option was first added in rsync version 2.6.4.
|
|
See <B>--delete</B> (which is implied) for more details on file-deletion.
|
|
<DT id="288"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="289"><B>--delete-delay</B><DD>
|
|
Request that the file-deletions on the receiving
|
|
side be computed during the transfer (like <B>--delete-during</B>), and then
|
|
removed after the transfer completes. This is useful when combined with
|
|
<B>--delay-updates</B> and/or <B>--fuzzy</B>, and is more efficient than using
|
|
<B>--delete-after</B> (but can behave differently, since <B>--delete-after</B>
|
|
computes the deletions in a separate pass after all updates are done).
|
|
If the number of removed files overflows an internal buffer, a
|
|
temporary file will be created on the receiving side to hold the names (it
|
|
is removed while open, so you shouldn't see it during the transfer). If
|
|
the creation of the temporary file fails, rsync will try to fall back to
|
|
using <B>--delete-after</B> (which it cannot do if <B>--recursive</B> is doing an
|
|
incremental scan).
|
|
See <B>--delete</B> (which is implied) for more details on file-deletion.
|
|
<DT id="290"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="291"><B>--delete-after</B><DD>
|
|
Request that the file-deletions on the receiving
|
|
side be done after the transfer has completed. This is useful if you
|
|
are sending new per-directory merge files as a part of the transfer and
|
|
you want their exclusions to take effect for the delete phase of the
|
|
current transfer. It also forces rsync to use the old, non-incremental
|
|
recursion algorithm that requires rsync to scan all the files in the
|
|
transfer into memory at once (see <B>--recursive</B>).
|
|
See <B>--delete</B> (which is implied) for more details on file-deletion.
|
|
<DT id="292"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="293"><B>--delete-excluded</B><DD>
|
|
In addition to deleting the files on the
|
|
receiving side that are not on the sending side, this tells rsync to also
|
|
delete any files on the receiving side that are excluded (see <B>--exclude</B>).
|
|
See the FILTER RULES section for a way to make individual exclusions behave
|
|
this way on the receiver, and for a way to protect files from
|
|
<B>--delete-excluded</B>.
|
|
See <B>--delete</B> (which is implied) for more details on file-deletion.
|
|
<DT id="294"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="295"><B>--ignore-missing-args</B><DD>
|
|
When rsync is first processing the explicitly
|
|
requested source files (e.g. command-line arguments or <B>--files-from</B>
|
|
entries), it is normally an error if the file cannot be found. This option
|
|
suppresses that error, and does not try to transfer the file. This does not
|
|
affect subsequent vanished-file errors if a file was initially found to be
|
|
present and later is no longer there.
|
|
<DT id="296"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="297"><B>--delete-missing-args</B><DD>
|
|
This option takes the behavior of (the implied)
|
|
<B>--ignore-missing-args</B> option a step farther: each missing arg will become
|
|
a deletion request of the corresponding destination file on the receiving side
|
|
(should it exist). If the destination file is a non-empty directory, it will
|
|
only be successfully deleted if --force or --delete are in effect. Other than
|
|
that, this option is independent of any other type of delete processing.
|
|
<DT id="298"><DD>
|
|
The missing source files are represented by special file-list entries which
|
|
display as a "*missing" entry in the <B>--list-only</B> output.
|
|
<DT id="299"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="300"><B>--ignore-errors</B><DD>
|
|
Tells <B>--delete</B> to go ahead and delete files
|
|
even when there are I/O errors.
|
|
<DT id="301"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="302"><B>--force</B><DD>
|
|
This option tells rsync to delete a non-empty directory
|
|
when it is to be replaced by a non-directory. This is only relevant if
|
|
deletions are not active (see <B>--delete</B> for details).
|
|
<DT id="303"><DD>
|
|
Note for older rsync versions: <B>--force</B> used to still be required when
|
|
using <B>--delete-after</B>, and it used to be non-functional unless the
|
|
<B>--recursive</B> option was also enabled.
|
|
<DT id="304"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="305"><B>--max-delete=NUM</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync not to delete more than NUM
|
|
files or directories. If that limit is exceeded, all further deletions are
|
|
skipped through the end of the transfer. At the end, rsync outputs a warning
|
|
(including a count of the skipped deletions) and exits with an error code
|
|
of 25 (unless some more important error condition also occurred).
|
|
<DT id="306"><DD>
|
|
Beginning with version 3.0.0, you may specify <B>--max-delete=0</B> to be warned
|
|
about any extraneous files in the destination without removing any of them.
|
|
Older clients interpreted this as "unlimited", so if you don't know what
|
|
version the client is, you can use the less obvious <B>--max-delete=-1</B> as
|
|
a backward-compatible way to specify that no deletions be allowed (though
|
|
really old versions didn't warn when the limit was exceeded).
|
|
<DT id="307"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="308"><B>--max-size=SIZE</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to avoid transferring any
|
|
file that is larger than the specified SIZE. The SIZE value can be
|
|
suffixed with a string to indicate a size multiplier, and
|
|
may be a fractional value (e.g. "<B>--max-size=1.5m</B>").
|
|
<DT id="309"><DD>
|
|
This option is a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn't affect the
|
|
data that goes into the file-lists, and thus it doesn't affect deletions.
|
|
It just limits the files that the receiver requests to be transferred.
|
|
<DT id="310"><DD>
|
|
The suffixes are as follows: "K" (or "KiB") is a kibibyte (1024),
|
|
"M" (or "MiB") is a mebibyte (1024*1024), and "G" (or "GiB") is a
|
|
gibibyte (1024*1024*1024).
|
|
If you want the multiplier to be 1000 instead of 1024, use "KB",
|
|
"MB", or "GB". (Note: lower-case is also accepted for all values.)
|
|
Finally, if the suffix ends in either "+1" or "-1", the value will
|
|
be offset by one byte in the indicated direction.
|
|
<DT id="311"><DD>
|
|
Examples: --max-size=1.5mb-1 is 1499999 bytes, and --max-size=2g+1 is
|
|
2147483649 bytes.
|
|
<DT id="312"><DD>
|
|
Note that rsync versions prior to 3.1.0 did not allow <B>--max-size=0</B>.
|
|
<DT id="313"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="314"><B>--min-size=SIZE</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to avoid transferring any
|
|
file that is smaller than the specified SIZE, which can help in not
|
|
transferring small, junk files.
|
|
See the <B>--max-size</B> option for a description of SIZE and other information.
|
|
<DT id="315"><DD>
|
|
Note that rsync versions prior to 3.1.0 did not allow <B>--min-size=0</B>.
|
|
<DT id="316"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="317"><B>-B, --block-size=BLOCKSIZE</B><DD>
|
|
This forces the block size used in
|
|
rsync's delta-transfer algorithm to a fixed value. It is normally selected based on
|
|
the size of each file being updated. See the technical report for details.
|
|
<DT id="318"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="319"><B>-e, --rsh=COMMAND</B><DD>
|
|
This option allows you to choose an alternative
|
|
remote shell program to use for communication between the local and
|
|
remote copies of rsync. Typically, rsync is configured to use ssh by
|
|
default, but you may prefer to use rsh on a local network.
|
|
<DT id="320"><DD>
|
|
If this option is used with <B>[user@]host::module/path</B>, then the
|
|
remote shell <I>COMMAND</I> will be used to run an rsync daemon on the
|
|
remote host, and all data will be transmitted through that remote
|
|
shell connection, rather than through a direct socket connection to a
|
|
running rsync daemon on the remote host. See the section "USING
|
|
RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION" above.
|
|
<DT id="321"><DD>
|
|
Command-line arguments are permitted in COMMAND provided that COMMAND is
|
|
presented to rsync as a single argument. You must use spaces (not tabs
|
|
or other whitespace) to separate the command and args from each other,
|
|
and you can use single- and/or double-quotes to preserve spaces in an
|
|
argument (but not backslashes). Note that doubling a single-quote
|
|
inside a single-quoted string gives you a single-quote; likewise for
|
|
double-quotes (though you need to pay attention to which quotes your
|
|
shell is parsing and which quotes rsync is parsing). Some examples:
|
|
<DT id="322"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="323"><DD>
|
|
-e 'ssh -p 2234'
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
-e 'ssh -o "ProxyCommand nohup ssh firewall nc -w1 %h %p"'
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="324"><DD>
|
|
(Note that ssh users can alternately customize site-specific connect
|
|
options in their .ssh/config file.)
|
|
<DT id="325"><DD>
|
|
You can also choose the remote shell program using the RSYNC_RSH
|
|
environment variable, which accepts the same range of values as <B>-e</B>.
|
|
<DT id="326"><DD>
|
|
See also the <B>--blocking-io</B> option which is affected by this option.
|
|
<DT id="327"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="328"><B>--rsync-path=PROGRAM</B><DD>
|
|
Use this to specify what program is to be run
|
|
on the remote machine to start-up rsync. Often used when rsync is not in
|
|
the default remote-shell's path (e.g. --rsync-path=/usr/local/bin/rsync).
|
|
Note that PROGRAM is run with the help of a shell, so it can be any
|
|
program, script, or command sequence you'd care to run, so long as it does
|
|
not corrupt the standard-in & standard-out that rsync is using to
|
|
communicate.
|
|
<DT id="329"><DD>
|
|
One tricky example is to set a different default directory on the remote
|
|
machine for use with the <B>--relative</B> option. For instance:
|
|
<DT id="330"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="331"><DD>
|
|
rsync -avR --rsync-path="cd /a/b && rsync" host:c/d /e/
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="332"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="333"><B>-M, --remote-option=OPTION</B><DD>
|
|
This option is used for more advanced
|
|
situations where you want certain effects to be limited to one side of the
|
|
transfer only. For instance, if you want to pass <B>--log-file=FILE</B> and
|
|
<B>--fake-super</B> to the remote system, specify it like this:
|
|
<DT id="334"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="335"><DD>
|
|
rsync -av -M --log-file=foo -M--fake-super src/ dest/
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="336"><DD>
|
|
If you want to have an option affect only the local side of a transfer when
|
|
it normally affects both sides, send its negation to the remote side. Like
|
|
this:
|
|
<DT id="337"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="338"><DD>
|
|
rsync -av -x -M--no-x src/ dest/
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="339"><DD>
|
|
Be cautious using this, as it is possible to toggle an option that will cause
|
|
rsync to have a different idea about what data to expect next over the socket,
|
|
and that will make it fail in a cryptic fashion.
|
|
<DT id="340"><DD>
|
|
Note that it is best to use a separate <B>--remote-option</B> for each option you
|
|
want to pass. This makes your useage compatible with the <B>--protect-args</B>
|
|
option. If that option is off, any spaces in your remote options will be split
|
|
by the remote shell unless you take steps to protect them.
|
|
<DT id="341"><DD>
|
|
When performing a local transfer, the "local" side is the sender and the
|
|
"remote" side is the receiver.
|
|
<DT id="342"><DD>
|
|
Note some versions of the popt option-parsing library have a bug in them that
|
|
prevents you from using an adjacent arg with an equal in it next to a short
|
|
option letter (e.g. -M--log-file=/tmp/foo). If this bug affects your
|
|
version of popt, you can use the version of popt that is included with rsync.
|
|
<DT id="343"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="344"><B>-C, --cvs-exclude</B><DD>
|
|
This is a useful shorthand for excluding a
|
|
broad range of files that you often don't want to transfer between
|
|
systems. It uses a similar algorithm to CVS to determine if
|
|
a file should be ignored.
|
|
<DT id="345"><DD>
|
|
The exclude list is initialized to exclude the following items (these
|
|
initial items are marked as perishable -- see the FILTER RULES section):
|
|
<DT id="346"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="347"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="348"><DD>
|
|
RCS SCCS CVS CVS.adm RCSLOG cvslog.* tags TAGS .make.state
|
|
.nse_depinfo *~ #* .#* ,* _$* *$ *.old *.bak *.BAK *.orig *.rej .del-*
|
|
*.a *.olb *.o *.obj *.so *.exe *.Z *.elc *.ln core .svn/ .git/ .hg/ .bzr/
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="349"><DD>
|
|
then, files listed in a $HOME/.cvsignore are added to the list and any
|
|
files listed in the CVSIGNORE environment variable (all cvsignore names
|
|
are delimited by whitespace).
|
|
<DT id="350"><DD>
|
|
Finally, any file is ignored if it is in the same directory as a
|
|
.cvsignore file and matches one of the patterns listed therein. Unlike
|
|
rsync's filter/exclude files, these patterns are split on whitespace.
|
|
See the <B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+cvs">cvs</A></B>(1) manual for more information.
|
|
<DT id="351"><DD>
|
|
If you're combining <B>-C</B> with your own <B>--filter</B> rules, you should
|
|
note that these CVS excludes are appended at the end of your own rules,
|
|
regardless of where the <B>-C</B> was placed on the command-line. This makes them
|
|
a lower priority than any rules you specified explicitly. If you want to
|
|
control where these CVS excludes get inserted into your filter rules, you
|
|
should omit the <B>-C</B> as a command-line option and use a combination of
|
|
<B>--filter=:C</B> and <B>--filter=-C</B> (either on your command-line or by
|
|
putting the ":C" and "-C" rules into a filter file with your other rules).
|
|
The first option turns on the per-directory scanning for the .cvsignore
|
|
file. The second option does a one-time import of the CVS excludes
|
|
mentioned above.
|
|
<DT id="352"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="353"><B>-f, --filter=RULE</B><DD>
|
|
This option allows you to add rules to selectively
|
|
exclude certain files from the list of files to be transferred. This is
|
|
most useful in combination with a recursive transfer.
|
|
<DT id="354"><DD>
|
|
You may use as many <B>--filter</B> options on the command line as you like
|
|
to build up the list of files to exclude. If the filter contains whitespace,
|
|
be sure to quote it so that the shell gives the rule to rsync as a single
|
|
argument. The text below also mentions that you can use an underscore to
|
|
replace the space that separates a rule from its arg.
|
|
<DT id="355"><DD>
|
|
See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on this option.
|
|
<DT id="356"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="357"><B>-F</B><DD>
|
|
The <B>-F</B> option is a shorthand for adding two <B>--filter</B> rules to
|
|
your command. The first time it is used is a shorthand for this rule:
|
|
<DT id="358"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="359"><DD>
|
|
--filter='dir-merge /.rsync-filter'
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="360"><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to look for per-directory .rsync-filter files that have
|
|
been sprinkled through the hierarchy and use their rules to filter the
|
|
files in the transfer. If <B>-F</B> is repeated, it is a shorthand for this
|
|
rule:
|
|
<DT id="361"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="362"><DD>
|
|
--filter='exclude .rsync-filter'
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="363"><DD>
|
|
This filters out the .rsync-filter files themselves from the transfer.
|
|
<DT id="364"><DD>
|
|
See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on how these options
|
|
work.
|
|
<DT id="365"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="366"><B>--exclude=PATTERN</B><DD>
|
|
This option is a simplified form of the
|
|
<B>--filter</B> option that defaults to an exclude rule and does not allow
|
|
the full rule-parsing syntax of normal filter rules.
|
|
<DT id="367"><DD>
|
|
See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on this option.
|
|
<DT id="368"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="369"><B>--exclude-from=FILE</B><DD>
|
|
This option is related to the <B>--exclude</B>
|
|
option, but it specifies a FILE that contains exclude patterns (one per line).
|
|
Blank lines in the file and lines starting with ';' or '#' are ignored.
|
|
If <I>FILE</I> is <B>-</B>, the list will be read from standard input.
|
|
<DT id="370"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="371"><B>--include=PATTERN</B><DD>
|
|
This option is a simplified form of the
|
|
<B>--filter</B> option that defaults to an include rule and does not allow
|
|
the full rule-parsing syntax of normal filter rules.
|
|
<DT id="372"><DD>
|
|
See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on this option.
|
|
<DT id="373"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="374"><B>--include-from=FILE</B><DD>
|
|
This option is related to the <B>--include</B>
|
|
option, but it specifies a FILE that contains include patterns (one per line).
|
|
Blank lines in the file and lines starting with ';' or '#' are ignored.
|
|
If <I>FILE</I> is <B>-</B>, the list will be read from standard input.
|
|
<DT id="375"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="376"><B>--files-from=FILE</B><DD>
|
|
Using this option allows you to specify the
|
|
exact list of files to transfer (as read from the specified FILE or <B>-</B>
|
|
for standard input). It also tweaks the default behavior of rsync to make
|
|
transferring just the specified files and directories easier:
|
|
<DT id="377"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="378"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="379">o<DD>
|
|
The <B>--relative</B> (<B>-R</B>) option is implied, which preserves the path
|
|
information that is specified for each item in the file (use
|
|
<B>--no-relative</B> or <B>--no-R</B> if you want to turn that off).
|
|
<DT id="380">o<DD>
|
|
The <B>--dirs</B> (<B>-d</B>) option is implied, which will create directories
|
|
specified in the list on the destination rather than noisily skipping
|
|
them (use <B>--no-dirs</B> or <B>--no-d</B> if you want to turn that off).
|
|
<DT id="381">o<DD>
|
|
The <B>--archive</B> (<B>-a</B>) option's behavior does not imply <B>--recursive</B>
|
|
(<B>-r</B>), so specify it explicitly, if you want it.
|
|
<DT id="382">o<DD>
|
|
These side-effects change the default state of rsync, so the position
|
|
of the <B>--files-from</B> option on the command-line has no bearing on how
|
|
other options are parsed (e.g. <B>-a</B> works the same before or after
|
|
<B>--files-from</B>, as does <B>--no-R</B> and all other options).
|
|
</DL>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="383"><DD>
|
|
The filenames that are read from the FILE are all relative to the
|
|
source dir -- any leading slashes are removed and no ".." references are
|
|
allowed to go higher than the source dir. For example, take this
|
|
command:
|
|
<DT id="384"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="385"><DD>
|
|
rsync -a --files-from=/tmp/foo /usr remote:/backup
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="386"><DD>
|
|
If /tmp/foo contains the string "bin" (or even "/bin"), the /usr/bin
|
|
directory will be created as /backup/bin on the remote host. If it
|
|
contains "bin/" (note the trailing slash), the immediate contents of
|
|
the directory would also be sent (without needing to be explicitly
|
|
mentioned in the file -- this began in version 2.6.4). In both cases,
|
|
if the <B>-r</B> option was enabled, that dir's entire hierarchy would
|
|
also be transferred (keep in mind that <B>-r</B> needs to be specified
|
|
explicitly with <B>--files-from</B>, since it is not implied by <B>-a</B>).
|
|
Also note
|
|
that the effect of the (enabled by default) <B>--relative</B> option is to
|
|
duplicate only the path info that is read from the file -- it does not
|
|
force the duplication of the source-spec path (/usr in this case).
|
|
<DT id="387"><DD>
|
|
In addition, the <B>--files-from</B> file can be read from the remote host
|
|
instead of the local host if you specify a "host:" in front of the file
|
|
(the host must match one end of the transfer). As a short-cut, you can
|
|
specify just a prefix of ":" to mean "use the remote end of the
|
|
transfer". For example:
|
|
<DT id="388"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="389"><DD>
|
|
rsync -a --files-from=:/path/file-list src:/ /tmp/copy
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="390"><DD>
|
|
This would copy all the files specified in the /path/file-list file that
|
|
was located on the remote "src" host.
|
|
<DT id="391"><DD>
|
|
If the <B>--iconv</B> and <B>--protect-args</B> options are specified and the
|
|
<B>--files-from</B> filenames are being sent from one host to another, the
|
|
filenames will be translated from the sending host's charset to the
|
|
receiving host's charset.
|
|
<DT id="392"><DD>
|
|
NOTE: sorting the list of files in the --files-from input helps rsync to be
|
|
more efficient, as it will avoid re-visiting the path elements that are shared
|
|
between adjacent entries. If the input is not sorted, some path elements
|
|
(implied directories) may end up being scanned multiple times, and rsync will
|
|
eventually unduplicate them after they get turned into file-list elements.
|
|
<DT id="393"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="394"><B>-0, --from0</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync that the rules/filenames it reads from a
|
|
file are terminated by a null ('\0') character, not a NL, CR, or CR+LF.
|
|
This affects <B>--exclude-from</B>, <B>--include-from</B>, <B>--files-from</B>, and any
|
|
merged files specified in a <B>--filter</B> rule.
|
|
It does not affect <B>--cvs-exclude</B> (since all names read from a .cvsignore
|
|
file are split on whitespace).
|
|
<DT id="395"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="396"><B>-s, --protect-args</B><DD>
|
|
This option sends all filenames and most options to
|
|
the remote rsync without allowing the remote shell to interpret them. This
|
|
means that spaces are not split in names, and any non-wildcard special
|
|
characters are not translated (such as ~, $, ;, &, etc.). Wildcards are
|
|
expanded on the remote host by rsync (instead of the shell doing it).
|
|
<DT id="397"><DD>
|
|
If you use this option with <B>--iconv</B>, the args related to the remote
|
|
side will also be translated
|
|
from the local to the remote character-set. The translation happens before
|
|
wild-cards are expanded. See also the <B>--files-from</B> option.
|
|
<DT id="398"><DD>
|
|
You may also control this option via the RSYNC_PROTECT_ARGS environment
|
|
variable. If this variable has a non-zero value, this option will be enabled
|
|
by default, otherwise it will be disabled by default. Either state is
|
|
overridden by a manually specified positive or negative version of this option
|
|
(note that <B>--no-s</B> and <B>--no-protect-args</B> are the negative versions).
|
|
Since this option was first introduced in 3.0.0, you'll need to make sure it's
|
|
disabled if you ever need to interact with a remote rsync that is older than
|
|
that.
|
|
<DT id="399"><DD>
|
|
Rsync can also be configured (at build time) to have this option enabled by
|
|
default (with is overridden by both the environment and the command-line).
|
|
This option will eventually become a new default setting at some
|
|
as-yet-undetermined point in the future.
|
|
<DT id="400"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="401"><B>-T, --temp-dir=DIR</B><DD>
|
|
This option instructs rsync to use DIR as a
|
|
scratch directory when creating temporary copies of the files transferred
|
|
on the receiving side. The default behavior is to create each temporary
|
|
file in the same directory as the associated destination file.
|
|
Beginning with rsync 3.1.1, the temp-file names inside the specified DIR will
|
|
not be prefixed with an extra dot (though they will still have a random suffix
|
|
added).
|
|
<DT id="402"><DD>
|
|
This option is most often used when the receiving disk partition does not
|
|
have enough free space to hold a copy of the largest file in the transfer.
|
|
In this case (i.e. when the scratch directory is on a different disk
|
|
partition), rsync will not be able to rename each received temporary file
|
|
over the top of the associated destination file, but instead must copy it
|
|
into place. Rsync does this by copying the file over the top of the
|
|
destination file, which means that the destination file will contain
|
|
truncated data during this copy. If this were not done this way (even if
|
|
the destination file were first removed, the data locally copied to a
|
|
temporary file in the destination directory, and then renamed into place)
|
|
it would be possible for the old file to continue taking up disk space (if
|
|
someone had it open), and thus there might not be enough room to fit the
|
|
new version on the disk at the same time.
|
|
<DT id="403"><DD>
|
|
If you are using this option for reasons other than a shortage of disk
|
|
space, you may wish to combine it with the <B>--delay-updates</B> option,
|
|
which will ensure that all copied files get put into subdirectories in the
|
|
destination hierarchy, awaiting the end of the transfer. If you don't
|
|
have enough room to duplicate all the arriving files on the destination
|
|
partition, another way to tell rsync that you aren't overly concerned
|
|
about disk space is to use the <B>--partial-dir</B> option with a relative
|
|
path; because this tells rsync that it is OK to stash off a copy of a
|
|
single file in a subdir in the destination hierarchy, rsync will use the
|
|
partial-dir as a staging area to bring over the copied file, and then
|
|
rename it into place from there. (Specifying a <B>--partial-dir</B> with
|
|
an absolute path does not have this side-effect.)
|
|
<DT id="404"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="405"><B>-y, --fuzzy</B><DD>
|
|
This option tells rsync that it should look for a
|
|
basis file for any destination file that is missing. The current algorithm
|
|
looks in the same directory as the destination file for either a file that
|
|
has an identical size and modified-time, or a similarly-named file. If
|
|
found, rsync uses the fuzzy basis file to try to speed up the transfer.
|
|
<DT id="406"><DD>
|
|
If the option is repeated, the fuzzy scan will also be done in any matching
|
|
alternate destination directories that are specified via <B>--compare-dest</B>,
|
|
<B>--copy-dest</B>, or <B>--link-dest</B>.
|
|
<DT id="407"><DD>
|
|
Note that the use of the <B>--delete</B> option might get rid of any potential
|
|
fuzzy-match files, so either use <B>--delete-after</B> or specify some
|
|
filename exclusions if you need to prevent this.
|
|
<DT id="408"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="409"><B>--compare-dest=DIR</B><DD>
|
|
This option instructs rsync to use <I>DIR</I> on
|
|
the destination machine as an additional hierarchy to compare destination
|
|
files against doing transfers (if the files are missing in the destination
|
|
directory). If a file is found in <I>DIR</I> that is identical to the
|
|
sender's file, the file will NOT be transferred to the destination
|
|
directory. This is useful for creating a sparse backup of just files that
|
|
have changed from an earlier backup.
|
|
This option is typically used to copy into an empty (or newly created)
|
|
directory.
|
|
<DT id="410"><DD>
|
|
Beginning in version 2.6.4, multiple <B>--compare-dest</B> directories may be
|
|
provided, which will cause rsync to search the list in the order specified
|
|
for an exact match.
|
|
If a match is found that differs only in attributes, a local copy is made
|
|
and the attributes updated.
|
|
If a match is not found, a basis file from one of the <I>DIR</I>s will be
|
|
selected to try to speed up the transfer.
|
|
<DT id="411"><DD>
|
|
If <I>DIR</I> is a relative path, it is relative to the destination directory.
|
|
See also <B>--copy-dest</B> and <B>--link-dest</B>.
|
|
<DT id="412"><DD>
|
|
NOTE: beginning with version 3.1.0, rsync will remove a file from a non-empty
|
|
destination hierarchy if an exact match is found in one of the compare-dest
|
|
hierarchies (making the end result more closely match a fresh copy).
|
|
<DT id="413"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="414"><B>--copy-dest=DIR</B><DD>
|
|
This option behaves like <B>--compare-dest</B>, but
|
|
rsync will also copy unchanged files found in <I>DIR</I> to the destination
|
|
directory using a local copy.
|
|
This is useful for doing transfers to a new destination while leaving
|
|
existing files intact, and then doing a flash-cutover when all files have
|
|
been successfully transferred.
|
|
<DT id="415"><DD>
|
|
Multiple <B>--copy-dest</B> directories may be provided, which will cause
|
|
rsync to search the list in the order specified for an unchanged file.
|
|
If a match is not found, a basis file from one of the <I>DIR</I>s will be
|
|
selected to try to speed up the transfer.
|
|
<DT id="416"><DD>
|
|
If <I>DIR</I> is a relative path, it is relative to the destination directory.
|
|
See also <B>--compare-dest</B> and <B>--link-dest</B>.
|
|
<DT id="417"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="418"><B>--link-dest=DIR</B><DD>
|
|
This option behaves like <B>--copy-dest</B>, but
|
|
unchanged files are hard linked from <I>DIR</I> to the destination directory.
|
|
The files must be identical in all preserved attributes (e.g. permissions,
|
|
possibly ownership) in order for the files to be linked together.
|
|
An example:
|
|
<DT id="419"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="420"><DD>
|
|
rsync -av --link-dest=$PWD/prior_dir host:src_dir/ new_dir/
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="421"><DD>
|
|
If file's aren't linking, double-check their attributes. Also check if some
|
|
attributes are getting forced outside of rsync's control, such a mount option
|
|
that squishes root to a single user, or mounts a removable drive with generic
|
|
ownership (such as OS X's "Ignore ownership on this volume" option).
|
|
<DT id="422"><DD>
|
|
Beginning in version 2.6.4, multiple <B>--link-dest</B> directories may be
|
|
provided, which will cause rsync to search the list in the order specified
|
|
for an exact match (there is a limit of 20 such directories).
|
|
If a match is found that differs only in attributes, a local copy is made
|
|
and the attributes updated.
|
|
If a match is not found, a basis file from one of the <I>DIR</I>s will be
|
|
selected to try to speed up the transfer.
|
|
<DT id="423"><DD>
|
|
This option works best when copying into an empty destination hierarchy, as
|
|
existing files may get their attributes tweaked, and that can affect alternate
|
|
destination files via hard-links. Also, itemizing of changes can get a bit
|
|
muddled. Note that prior to version 3.1.0, an alternate-directory exact match
|
|
would never be found (nor linked into the destination) when a destination file
|
|
already exists.
|
|
<DT id="424"><DD>
|
|
Note that if you combine this option with <B>--ignore-times</B>, rsync will not
|
|
link any files together because it only links identical files together as a
|
|
substitute for transferring the file, never as an additional check after the
|
|
file is updated.
|
|
<DT id="425"><DD>
|
|
If <I>DIR</I> is a relative path, it is relative to the destination directory.
|
|
See also <B>--compare-dest</B> and <B>--copy-dest</B>.
|
|
<DT id="426"><DD>
|
|
Note that rsync versions prior to 2.6.1 had a bug that could prevent
|
|
<B>--link-dest</B> from working properly for a non-super-user when <B>-o</B> was
|
|
specified (or implied by <B>-a</B>). You can work-around this bug by avoiding
|
|
the <B>-o</B> option when sending to an old rsync.
|
|
<DT id="427"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="428"><B>-z, --compress</B><DD>
|
|
With this option, rsync compresses the file data
|
|
as it is sent to the destination machine, which reduces the amount of data
|
|
being transmitted -- something that is useful over a slow connection.
|
|
<DT id="429"><DD>
|
|
Note that this option typically achieves better compression ratios than can
|
|
be achieved by using a compressing remote shell or a compressing transport
|
|
because it takes advantage of the implicit information in the matching data
|
|
blocks that are not explicitly sent over the connection. This matching-data
|
|
compression comes at a cost of CPU, though, and can be disabled by repeating
|
|
the <B>-z</B> option, but only if both sides are at least version 3.1.1.
|
|
<DT id="430"><DD>
|
|
Note that if your version of rsync was compiled with an external zlib (instead
|
|
of the zlib that comes packaged with rsync) then it will not support the
|
|
old-style compression, only the new-style (repeated-option) compression. In
|
|
the future this new-style compression will likely become the default.
|
|
<DT id="431"><DD>
|
|
The client rsync requests new-style compression on the server via the
|
|
<B>--new-compress</B> option, so if you see that option rejected it means that
|
|
the server is not new enough to support <B>-zz</B>. Rsync also accepts the
|
|
<B>--old-compress</B> option for a future time when new-style compression
|
|
becomes the default.
|
|
<DT id="432"><DD>
|
|
See the <B>--skip-compress</B> option for the default list of file suffixes
|
|
that will not be compressed.
|
|
<DT id="433"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="434"><B>--compress-level=NUM</B><DD>
|
|
Explicitly set the compression level to use
|
|
(see <B>--compress</B>) instead of letting it default. Allowed values for NUM
|
|
are between 0 and 9; default when <B>--compress</B> option is specified is 6.
|
|
If NUM is non-zero,
|
|
the <B>--compress</B> option is implied.
|
|
<DT id="435"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="436"><B>--skip-compress=LIST</B><DD>
|
|
Override the list of file suffixes that will
|
|
not be compressed. The <B>LIST</B> should be one or more file suffixes
|
|
(without the dot) separated by slashes (/).
|
|
<DT id="437"><DD>
|
|
You may specify an empty string to indicate that no file should be skipped.
|
|
<DT id="438"><DD>
|
|
Simple character-class matching is supported: each must consist of a list
|
|
of letters inside the square brackets (e.g. no special classes, such as
|
|
"[:alpha:]", are supported, and '-' has no special meaning).
|
|
<DT id="439"><DD>
|
|
The characters asterisk (*) and question-mark (?) have no special meaning.
|
|
<DT id="440"><DD>
|
|
Here's an example that specifies 6 suffixes to skip (since 1 of the 5 rules
|
|
matches 2 suffixes):
|
|
<DT id="441"><DD>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
--skip-compress=gz/jpg/mp[34]/7z/bz2
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="442"><DD>
|
|
The default list of suffixes that will not be compressed is this (in this
|
|
version of rsync):
|
|
<DT id="443"><DD>
|
|
<B>7z</B>
|
|
<B>ace</B>
|
|
<B>avi</B>
|
|
<B>bz2</B>
|
|
<B>deb</B>
|
|
<B>gpg</B>
|
|
<B>gz</B>
|
|
<B>iso</B>
|
|
<B>jpeg</B>
|
|
<B>jpg</B>
|
|
<B>lz</B>
|
|
<B>lzma</B>
|
|
<B>lzo</B>
|
|
<B>mov</B>
|
|
<B>mp3</B>
|
|
<B>mp4</B>
|
|
<B>ogg</B>
|
|
<B>png</B>
|
|
<B>rar</B>
|
|
<B>rpm</B>
|
|
<B>rzip</B>
|
|
<B>tbz</B>
|
|
<B>tgz</B>
|
|
<B>tlz</B>
|
|
<B>txz</B>
|
|
<B>xz</B>
|
|
<B>z</B>
|
|
<B>zip</B>
|
|
<DT id="444"><DD>
|
|
This list will be replaced by your <B>--skip-compress</B> list in all but one
|
|
situation: a copy from a daemon rsync will add your skipped suffixes to
|
|
its list of non-compressing files (and its list may be configured to a
|
|
different default).
|
|
<DT id="445"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="446"><B>--numeric-ids</B><DD>
|
|
With this option rsync will transfer numeric group
|
|
and user IDs rather than using user and group names and mapping them
|
|
at both ends.
|
|
<DT id="447"><DD>
|
|
By default rsync will use the username and groupname to determine
|
|
what ownership to give files. The special uid 0 and the special group
|
|
0 are never mapped via user/group names even if the <B>--numeric-ids</B>
|
|
option is not specified.
|
|
<DT id="448"><DD>
|
|
If a user or group has no name on the source system or it has no match
|
|
on the destination system, then the numeric ID
|
|
from the source system is used instead. See also the comments on the
|
|
"use chroot" setting in the rsyncd.conf manpage for information on how
|
|
the chroot setting affects rsync's ability to look up the names of the
|
|
users and groups and what you can do about it.
|
|
<DT id="449"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="450"><B>--usermap=STRING, --groupmap=STRING</B><DD>
|
|
These options allow you to
|
|
specify users and groups that should be mapped to other values by the
|
|
receiving side. The <B>STRING</B> is one or more <B>FROM</B>:<B>TO</B> pairs of
|
|
values separated by commas. Any matching <B>FROM</B> value from the sender is
|
|
replaced with a <B>TO</B> value from the receiver. You may specify usernames
|
|
or user IDs for the <B>FROM</B> and <B>TO</B> values, and the <B>FROM</B> value may
|
|
also be a wild-card string, which will be matched against the sender's
|
|
names (wild-cards do NOT match against ID numbers, though see below for
|
|
why a '*' matches everything). You may instead specify a range of ID
|
|
numbers via an inclusive range: LOW-HIGH. For example:
|
|
<DT id="451"><DD>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
--usermap=0-99:nobody,wayne:admin,*:normal --groupmap=usr:1,1:usr
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="452"><DD>
|
|
The first match in the list is the one that is used. You should specify
|
|
all your user mappings using a single <B>--usermap</B> option, and/or all
|
|
your group mappings using a single <B>--groupmap</B> option.
|
|
<DT id="453"><DD>
|
|
Note that the sender's name for the 0 user and group are not transmitted
|
|
to the receiver, so you should either match these values using a 0, or use
|
|
the names in effect on the receiving side (typically "root"). All other
|
|
<B>FROM</B> names match those in use on the sending side. All <B>TO</B> names
|
|
match those in use on the receiving side.
|
|
<DT id="454"><DD>
|
|
Any IDs that do not have a name on the sending side are treated as having an
|
|
empty name for the purpose of matching. This allows them to be matched via
|
|
a "*" or using an empty name. For instance:
|
|
<DT id="455"><DD>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
--usermap=:nobody --groupmap=*:nobody
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="456"><DD>
|
|
When the <B>--numeric-ids</B> option is used, the sender does not send any
|
|
names, so all the IDs are treated as having an empty name. This means that
|
|
you will need to specify numeric <B>FROM</B> values if you want to map these
|
|
nameless IDs to different values.
|
|
<DT id="457"><DD>
|
|
For the <B>--usermap</B> option to have any effect, the <B>-o</B> (<B>--owner</B>)
|
|
option must be used (or implied), and the receiver will need to be running
|
|
as a super-user (see also the <B>--fake-super</B> option). For the <B>--groupmap</B>
|
|
option to have any effect, the <B>-g</B> (<B>--groups</B>) option must be used
|
|
(or implied), and the receiver will need to have permissions to set that
|
|
group.
|
|
<DT id="458"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="459"><B>--chown=USER:GROUP</B><DD>
|
|
This option forces all files to be owned by USER
|
|
with group GROUP. This is a simpler interface than using <B>--usermap</B> and
|
|
<B>--groupmap</B> directly, but it is implemented using those options internally,
|
|
so you cannot mix them. If either the USER or GROUP is empty, no mapping for
|
|
the omitted user/group will occur. If GROUP is empty, the trailing colon may
|
|
be omitted, but if USER is empty, a leading colon must be supplied.
|
|
<DT id="460"><DD>
|
|
If you specify "--chown=foo:bar, this is exactly the same as specifying
|
|
"--usermap=*:foo --groupmap=*:bar", only easier.
|
|
<DT id="461"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="462"><B>--timeout=TIMEOUT</B><DD>
|
|
This option allows you to set a maximum I/O
|
|
timeout in seconds. If no data is transferred for the specified time
|
|
then rsync will exit. The default is 0, which means no timeout.
|
|
<DT id="463"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="464"><B>--contimeout</B><DD>
|
|
This option allows you to set the amount of time
|
|
that rsync will wait for its connection to an rsync daemon to succeed.
|
|
If the timeout is reached, rsync exits with an error.
|
|
<DT id="465"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="466"><B>--address</B><DD>
|
|
By default rsync will bind to the wildcard address when
|
|
connecting to an rsync daemon. The <B>--address</B> option allows you to
|
|
specify a specific IP address (or hostname) to bind to. See also this
|
|
option in the <B>--daemon</B> mode section.
|
|
<DT id="467"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="468"><B>--port=PORT</B><DD>
|
|
This specifies an alternate TCP port number to use
|
|
rather than the default of 873. This is only needed if you are using the
|
|
double-colon (::) syntax to connect with an rsync daemon (since the URL
|
|
syntax has a way to specify the port as a part of the URL). See also this
|
|
option in the <B>--daemon</B> mode section.
|
|
<DT id="469"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="470"><B>--sockopts</B><DD>
|
|
This option can provide endless fun for people
|
|
who like to tune their systems to the utmost degree. You can set all
|
|
sorts of socket options which may make transfers faster (or
|
|
slower!). Read the man page for the
|
|
<TT>setsockopt()</TT>
|
|
system call for
|
|
details on some of the options you may be able to set. By default no
|
|
special socket options are set. This only affects direct socket
|
|
connections to a remote rsync daemon. This option also exists in the
|
|
<B>--daemon</B> mode section.
|
|
<DT id="471"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="472"><B>--blocking-io</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to use blocking I/O when launching
|
|
a remote shell transport. If the remote shell is either rsh or remsh,
|
|
rsync defaults to using
|
|
blocking I/O, otherwise it defaults to using non-blocking I/O. (Note that
|
|
ssh prefers non-blocking I/O.)
|
|
<DT id="473"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="474"><B>--outbuf=MODE</B><DD>
|
|
This sets the output buffering mode. The mode can be
|
|
None (aka Unbuffered), Line, or Block (aka Full). You may specify as little
|
|
as a single letter for the mode, and use upper or lower case.
|
|
<DT id="475"><DD>
|
|
The main use of this option is to change Full buffering to Line buffering
|
|
when rsync's output is going to a file or pipe.
|
|
<DT id="476"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="477"><B>-i, --itemize-changes</B><DD>
|
|
Requests a simple itemized list of the
|
|
changes that are being made to each file, including attribute changes.
|
|
This is exactly the same as specifying <B>--out-format='%i %n%L'</B>.
|
|
If you repeat the option, unchanged files will also be output, but only
|
|
if the receiving rsync is at least version 2.6.7 (you can use <B>-vv</B>
|
|
with older versions of rsync, but that also turns on the output of other
|
|
verbose messages).
|
|
<DT id="478"><DD>
|
|
The "%i" escape has a cryptic output that is 11 letters long. The general
|
|
format is like the string <B>YXcstpoguax</B>, where <B>Y</B> is replaced by the
|
|
type of update being done, <B>X</B> is replaced by the file-type, and the
|
|
other letters represent attributes that may be output if they are being
|
|
modified.
|
|
<DT id="479"><DD>
|
|
The update types that replace the <B>Y</B> are as follows:
|
|
<DT id="480"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="481"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="482">o<DD>
|
|
A <B><</B> means that a file is being transferred to the remote host
|
|
(sent).
|
|
<DT id="483">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>></B> means that a file is being transferred to the local host
|
|
(received).
|
|
<DT id="484">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>c</B> means that a local change/creation is occurring for the item
|
|
(such as the creation of a directory or the changing of a symlink, etc.).
|
|
<DT id="485">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>h</B> means that the item is a hard link to another item (requires
|
|
<B>--hard-links</B>).
|
|
<DT id="486">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>.</B> means that the item is not being updated (though it might
|
|
have attributes that are being modified).
|
|
<DT id="487">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>*</B> means that the rest of the itemized-output area contains
|
|
a message (e.g. "deleting").
|
|
</DL>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="488"><DD>
|
|
The file-types that replace the <B>X</B> are: <B>f</B> for a file, a <B>d</B> for a
|
|
directory, an <B>L</B> for a symlink, a <B>D</B> for a device, and a <B>S</B> for a
|
|
special file (e.g. named sockets and fifos).
|
|
<DT id="489"><DD>
|
|
The other letters in the string above are the actual letters that
|
|
will be output if the associated attribute for the item is being updated or
|
|
a "." for no change. Three exceptions to this are: (1) a newly created
|
|
item replaces each letter with a "+", (2) an identical item replaces the
|
|
dots with spaces, and (3) an unknown attribute replaces each letter with
|
|
a "?" (this can happen when talking to an older rsync).
|
|
<DT id="490"><DD>
|
|
The attribute that is associated with each letter is as follows:
|
|
<DT id="491"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="492"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="493">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>c</B> means either that a regular file has a different checksum
|
|
(requires <B>--checksum</B>) or that a symlink, device, or special file has
|
|
a changed value.
|
|
Note that if you are sending files to an rsync prior to 3.0.1, this
|
|
change flag will be present only for checksum-differing regular files.
|
|
<DT id="494">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>s</B> means the size of a regular file is different and will be updated
|
|
by the file transfer.
|
|
<DT id="495">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>t</B> means the modification time is different and is being updated
|
|
to the sender's value (requires <B>--times</B>). An alternate value of <B>T</B>
|
|
means that the modification time will be set to the transfer time, which happens
|
|
when a file/symlink/device is updated without <B>--times</B> and when a
|
|
symlink is changed and the receiver can't set its time.
|
|
(Note: when using an rsync 3.0.0 client, you might see the <B>s</B> flag combined
|
|
with <B>t</B> instead of the proper <B>T</B> flag for this time-setting failure.)
|
|
<DT id="496">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>p</B> means the permissions are different and are being updated to
|
|
the sender's value (requires <B>--perms</B>).
|
|
<DT id="497">o<DD>
|
|
An <B>o</B> means the owner is different and is being updated to the
|
|
sender's value (requires <B>--owner</B> and super-user privileges).
|
|
<DT id="498">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>g</B> means the group is different and is being updated to the
|
|
sender's value (requires <B>--group</B> and the authority to set the group).
|
|
<DT id="499">o<DD>
|
|
The <B>u</B> slot is reserved for future use.
|
|
<DT id="500">o<DD>
|
|
The <B>a</B> means that the ACL information changed.
|
|
<DT id="501">o<DD>
|
|
The <B>x</B> means that the extended attribute information changed.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="502"><DD>
|
|
One other output is possible: when deleting files, the "%i" will output
|
|
the string "*deleting" for each item that is being removed (assuming that
|
|
you are talking to a recent enough rsync that it logs deletions instead of
|
|
outputting them as a verbose message).
|
|
<DT id="503"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="504"><B>--out-format=FORMAT</B><DD>
|
|
This allows you to specify exactly what the
|
|
rsync client outputs to the user on a per-update basis. The format is a
|
|
text string containing embedded single-character escape sequences prefixed
|
|
with a percent (%) character. A default format of "%n%L" is assumed if
|
|
either <B>--info=name</B> or <B>-v</B> is specified (this tells you just the name
|
|
of the file and, if the item is a link, where it points). For a full list
|
|
of the possible escape characters, see the "log format" setting in the
|
|
rsyncd.conf manpage.
|
|
<DT id="505"><DD>
|
|
Specifying the <B>--out-format</B> option implies the <B>--info=name</B> option,
|
|
which will mention each file, dir, etc. that gets updated in a significant
|
|
way (a transferred file, a recreated symlink/device, or a touched
|
|
directory). In addition, if the itemize-changes escape (%i) is included in
|
|
the string (e.g. if the <B>--itemize-changes</B> option was used), the logging
|
|
of names increases to mention any item that is changed in any way (as long
|
|
as the receiving side is at least 2.6.4). See the <B>--itemize-changes</B>
|
|
option for a description of the output of "%i".
|
|
<DT id="506"><DD>
|
|
Rsync will output the out-format string prior to a file's transfer unless
|
|
one of the transfer-statistic escapes is requested, in which case the
|
|
logging is done at the end of the file's transfer. When this late logging
|
|
is in effect and <B>--progress</B> is also specified, rsync will also output
|
|
the name of the file being transferred prior to its progress information
|
|
(followed, of course, by the out-format output).
|
|
<DT id="507"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="508"><B>--log-file=FILE</B><DD>
|
|
This option causes rsync to log what it is doing
|
|
to a file. This is similar to the logging that a daemon does, but can be
|
|
requested for the client side and/or the server side of a non-daemon
|
|
transfer. If specified as a client option, transfer logging will be
|
|
enabled with a default format of "%i %n%L". See the <B>--log-file-format</B>
|
|
option if you wish to override this.
|
|
<DT id="509"><DD>
|
|
Here's a example command that requests the remote side to log what is
|
|
happening:
|
|
<DT id="510"><DD>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
rsync -av --remote-option=--log-file=/tmp/rlog src/ dest/
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="511"><DD>
|
|
This is very useful if you need to debug why a connection is closing
|
|
unexpectedly.
|
|
<DT id="512"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="513"><B>--log-file-format=FORMAT</B><DD>
|
|
This allows you to specify exactly what
|
|
per-update logging is put into the file specified by the <B>--log-file</B> option
|
|
(which must also be specified for this option to have any effect). If you
|
|
specify an empty string, updated files will not be mentioned in the log file.
|
|
For a list of the possible escape characters, see the "log format" setting
|
|
in the rsyncd.conf manpage.
|
|
<DT id="514"><DD>
|
|
The default FORMAT used if <B>--log-file</B> is specified and this option is not
|
|
is '%i %n%L'.
|
|
<DT id="515"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="516"><B>--stats</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to print a verbose set of statistics
|
|
on the file transfer, allowing you to tell how effective rsync's delta-transfer
|
|
algorithm is for your data. This option is equivalent to <B>--info=stats2</B>
|
|
if combined with 0 or 1 <B>-v</B> options, or <B>--info=stats3</B> if combined
|
|
with 2 or more <B>-v</B> options.
|
|
<DT id="517"><DD>
|
|
The current statistics are as follows:
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="518"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="519">o<DD>
|
|
<B>Number of files</B> is the count of all "files" (in the generic
|
|
sense), which includes directories, symlinks, etc. The total count will
|
|
be followed by a list of counts by filetype (if the total is non-zero).
|
|
For example: "(reg: 5, dir: 3, link: 2, dev: 1, special: 1)" lists the
|
|
totals for regular files, directories, symlinks, devices, and special
|
|
files. If any of value is 0, it is completely omitted from the list.
|
|
<DT id="520">o<DD>
|
|
<B>Number of created files</B> is the count of how many "files" (generic
|
|
sense) were created (as opposed to updated). The total count will be
|
|
followed by a list of counts by filetype (if the total is non-zero).
|
|
<DT id="521">o<DD>
|
|
<B>Number of deleted files</B> is the count of how many "files" (generic
|
|
sense) were created (as opposed to updated). The total count will be
|
|
followed by a list of counts by filetype (if the total is non-zero).
|
|
Note that this line is only output if deletions are in effect, and only
|
|
if protocol 31 is being used (the default for rsync 3.1.x).
|
|
<DT id="522">o<DD>
|
|
<B>Number of regular files transferred</B> is the count of normal files
|
|
that were updated via rsync's delta-transfer algorithm, which does not
|
|
include dirs, symlinks, etc. Note that rsync 3.1.0 added the word
|
|
"regular" into this heading.
|
|
<DT id="523">o<DD>
|
|
<B>Total file size</B> is the total sum of all file sizes in the transfer.
|
|
This does not count any size for directories or special files, but does
|
|
include the size of symlinks.
|
|
<DT id="524">o<DD>
|
|
<B>Total transferred file size</B> is the total sum of all files sizes
|
|
for just the transferred files.
|
|
<DT id="525">o<DD>
|
|
<B>Literal data</B> is how much unmatched file-update data we had to
|
|
send to the receiver for it to recreate the updated files.
|
|
<DT id="526">o<DD>
|
|
<B>Matched data</B> is how much data the receiver got locally when
|
|
recreating the updated files.
|
|
<DT id="527">o<DD>
|
|
<B>File list size</B> is how big the file-list data was when the sender
|
|
sent it to the receiver. This is smaller than the in-memory size for the
|
|
file list due to some compressing of duplicated data when rsync sends the
|
|
list.
|
|
<DT id="528">o<DD>
|
|
<B>File list generation time</B> is the number of seconds that the
|
|
sender spent creating the file list. This requires a modern rsync on the
|
|
sending side for this to be present.
|
|
<DT id="529">o<DD>
|
|
<B>File list transfer time</B> is the number of seconds that the sender
|
|
spent sending the file list to the receiver.
|
|
<DT id="530">o<DD>
|
|
<B>Total bytes sent</B> is the count of all the bytes that rsync sent
|
|
from the client side to the server side.
|
|
<DT id="531">o<DD>
|
|
<B>Total bytes received</B> is the count of all non-message bytes that
|
|
rsync received by the client side from the server side. "Non-message"
|
|
bytes means that we don't count the bytes for a verbose message that the
|
|
server sent to us, which makes the stats more consistent.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="532"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="533"><B>-8, --8-bit-output</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync to leave all high-bit characters
|
|
unescaped in the output instead of trying to test them to see if they're
|
|
valid in the current locale and escaping the invalid ones. All control
|
|
characters (but never tabs) are always escaped, regardless of this option's
|
|
setting.
|
|
<DT id="534"><DD>
|
|
The escape idiom that started in 2.6.7 is to output a literal backslash (\)
|
|
and a hash (#), followed by exactly 3 octal digits. For example, a newline
|
|
would output as "\#012". A literal backslash that is in a filename is not
|
|
escaped unless it is followed by a hash and 3 digits (0-9).
|
|
<DT id="535"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="536"><B>-h, --human-readable</B><DD>
|
|
Output numbers in a more human-readable format.
|
|
There are 3 possible levels: (1) output numbers with a separator between each
|
|
set of 3 digits (either a comma or a period, depending on if the decimal point
|
|
is represented by a period or a comma); (2) output numbers in units of 1000
|
|
(with a character suffix for larger units -- see below); (3) output numbers in
|
|
units of 1024.
|
|
<DT id="537"><DD>
|
|
The default is human-readable level 1. Each <B>-h</B> option increases the level
|
|
by one. You can take the level down to 0 (to output numbers as pure digits) by
|
|
specifying the <B>--no-human-readable</B> (<B>--no-h</B>) option.
|
|
<DT id="538"><DD>
|
|
The unit letters that are appended in levels 2 and 3 are: K (kilo), M (mega),
|
|
G (giga), or T (tera). For example, a 1234567-byte file would output as 1.23M
|
|
in level-2 (assuming that a period is your local decimal point).
|
|
<DT id="539"><DD>
|
|
Backward compatibility note: versions of rsync prior to 3.1.0 do not support
|
|
human-readable level 1, and they default to level 0. Thus, specifying one or
|
|
two <B>-h</B> options will behave in a comparable manner in old and new versions
|
|
as long as you didn't specify a <B>--no-h</B> option prior to one or more <B>-h</B>
|
|
options. See the <B>--list-only</B> option for one difference.
|
|
<DT id="540"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="541"><B>--partial</B><DD>
|
|
By default, rsync will delete any partially
|
|
transferred file if the transfer is interrupted. In some circumstances
|
|
it is more desirable to keep partially transferred files. Using the
|
|
<B>--partial</B> option tells rsync to keep the partial file which should
|
|
make a subsequent transfer of the rest of the file much faster.
|
|
<DT id="542"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="543"><B>--partial-dir=DIR</B><DD>
|
|
A better way to keep partial files than the
|
|
<B>--partial</B> option is to specify a <I>DIR</I> that will be used to hold the
|
|
partial data (instead of writing it out to the destination file).
|
|
On the next transfer, rsync will use a file found in this
|
|
dir as data to speed up the resumption of the transfer and then delete it
|
|
after it has served its purpose.
|
|
<DT id="544"><DD>
|
|
Note that if <B>--whole-file</B> is specified (or implied), any partial-dir
|
|
file that is found for a file that is being updated will simply be removed
|
|
(since
|
|
rsync is sending files without using rsync's delta-transfer algorithm).
|
|
<DT id="545"><DD>
|
|
Rsync will create the <I>DIR</I> if it is missing (just the last dir -- not
|
|
the whole path). This makes it easy to use a relative path (such as
|
|
"<B>--partial-dir=.rsync-partial</B>") to have rsync create the
|
|
partial-directory in the destination file's directory when needed, and then
|
|
remove it again when the partial file is deleted.
|
|
<DT id="546"><DD>
|
|
If the partial-dir value is not an absolute path, rsync will add an exclude
|
|
rule at the end of all your existing excludes. This will prevent the
|
|
sending of any partial-dir files that may exist on the sending side, and
|
|
will also prevent the untimely deletion of partial-dir items on the
|
|
receiving side. An example: the above <B>--partial-dir</B> option would add
|
|
the equivalent of "<B>-f '-p .rsync-partial/'</B>" at the end of any other
|
|
filter rules.
|
|
<DT id="547"><DD>
|
|
If you are supplying your own exclude rules, you may need to add your own
|
|
exclude/hide/protect rule for the partial-dir because (1) the auto-added
|
|
rule may be ineffective at the end of your other rules, or (2) you may wish
|
|
to override rsync's exclude choice. For instance, if you want to make
|
|
rsync clean-up any left-over partial-dirs that may be lying around, you
|
|
should specify <B>--delete-after</B> and add a "risk" filter rule, e.g.
|
|
<B>-f 'R .rsync-partial/'</B>. (Avoid using <B>--delete-before</B> or
|
|
<B>--delete-during</B> unless you don't need rsync to use any of the
|
|
left-over partial-dir data during the current run.)
|
|
<DT id="548"><DD>
|
|
IMPORTANT: the <B>--partial-dir</B> should not be writable by other users or it
|
|
is a security risk. E.g. AVOID "/tmp".
|
|
<DT id="549"><DD>
|
|
You can also set the partial-dir value the RSYNC_PARTIAL_DIR environment
|
|
variable. Setting this in the environment does not force <B>--partial</B> to be
|
|
enabled, but rather it affects where partial files go when <B>--partial</B> is
|
|
specified. For instance, instead of using <B>--partial-dir=.rsync-tmp</B>
|
|
along with <B>--progress</B>, you could set RSYNC_PARTIAL_DIR=.rsync-tmp in your
|
|
environment and then just use the <B>-P</B> option to turn on the use of the
|
|
.rsync-tmp dir for partial transfers. The only times that the <B>--partial</B>
|
|
option does not look for this environment value are (1) when <B>--inplace</B> was
|
|
specified (since <B>--inplace</B> conflicts with <B>--partial-dir</B>), and (2) when
|
|
<B>--delay-updates</B> was specified (see below).
|
|
<DT id="550"><DD>
|
|
For the purposes of the daemon-config's "refuse options" setting,
|
|
<B>--partial-dir</B> does <I>not</I> imply <B>--partial</B>. This is so that a
|
|
refusal of the <B>--partial</B> option can be used to disallow the overwriting
|
|
of destination files with a partial transfer, while still allowing the
|
|
safer idiom provided by <B>--partial-dir</B>.
|
|
<DT id="551"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="552"><B>--delay-updates</B><DD>
|
|
This option puts the temporary file from each
|
|
updated file into a holding directory until the end of the
|
|
transfer, at which time all the files are renamed into place in rapid
|
|
succession. This attempts to make the updating of the files a little more
|
|
atomic. By default the files are placed into a directory named ".~tmp~" in
|
|
each file's destination directory, but if you've specified the
|
|
<B>--partial-dir</B> option, that directory will be used instead. See the
|
|
comments in the <B>--partial-dir</B> section for a discussion of how this
|
|
".~tmp~" dir will be excluded from the transfer, and what you can do if
|
|
you want rsync to cleanup old ".~tmp~" dirs that might be lying around.
|
|
Conflicts with <B>--inplace</B> and <B>--append</B>.
|
|
<DT id="553"><DD>
|
|
This option uses more memory on the receiving side (one bit per file
|
|
transferred) and also requires enough free disk space on the receiving
|
|
side to hold an additional copy of all the updated files. Note also that
|
|
you should not use an absolute path to <B>--partial-dir</B> unless (1)
|
|
there is no
|
|
chance of any of the files in the transfer having the same name (since all
|
|
the updated files will be put into a single directory if the path is
|
|
absolute)
|
|
and (2) there are no mount points in the hierarchy (since the
|
|
delayed updates will fail if they can't be renamed into place).
|
|
<DT id="554"><DD>
|
|
See also the "atomic-rsync" perl script in the "support" subdir for an
|
|
update algorithm that is even more atomic (it uses <B>--link-dest</B> and a
|
|
parallel hierarchy of files).
|
|
<DT id="555"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="556"><B>-m, --prune-empty-dirs</B><DD>
|
|
This option tells the receiving rsync to get
|
|
rid of empty directories from the file-list, including nested directories
|
|
that have no non-directory children. This is useful for avoiding the
|
|
creation of a bunch of useless directories when the sending rsync is
|
|
recursively scanning a hierarchy of files using include/exclude/filter
|
|
rules.
|
|
<DT id="557"><DD>
|
|
Note that the use of transfer rules, such as the <B>--min-size</B> option, does
|
|
not affect what goes into the file list, and thus does not leave directories
|
|
empty, even if none of the files in a directory match the transfer rule.
|
|
<DT id="558"><DD>
|
|
Because the file-list is actually being pruned, this option also affects
|
|
what directories get deleted when a delete is active. However, keep in
|
|
mind that excluded files and directories can prevent existing items from
|
|
being deleted due to an exclude both hiding source files and protecting
|
|
destination files. See the perishable filter-rule option for how to avoid
|
|
this.
|
|
<DT id="559"><DD>
|
|
You can prevent the pruning of certain empty directories from the file-list
|
|
by using a global "protect" filter. For instance, this option would ensure
|
|
that the directory "emptydir" was kept in the file-list:
|
|
<DT id="560"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="561"><DD>
|
|
--filter 'protect emptydir/'
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="562"><DD>
|
|
Here's an example that copies all .pdf files in a hierarchy, only creating
|
|
the necessary destination directories to hold the .pdf files, and ensures
|
|
that any superfluous files and directories in the destination are removed
|
|
(note the hide filter of non-directories being used instead of an exclude):
|
|
<DT id="563"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="564"><DD>
|
|
rsync -avm --del --include='*.pdf' -f 'hide,! */' src/ dest
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="565"><DD>
|
|
If you didn't want to remove superfluous destination files, the more
|
|
time-honored options of "<B>--include='*/' --exclude='*'</B>" would work fine
|
|
in place of the hide-filter (if that is more natural to you).
|
|
<DT id="566"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="567"><B>--progress</B><DD>
|
|
This option tells rsync to print information
|
|
showing the progress of the transfer. This gives a bored user
|
|
something to watch.
|
|
With a modern rsync this is the same as specifying
|
|
<B>--info=flist2,name,progress</B>, but any user-supplied settings for those
|
|
info flags takes precedence (e.g. "--info=flist0 --progress").
|
|
<DT id="568"><DD>
|
|
While rsync is transferring a regular file, it updates a progress line that
|
|
looks like this:
|
|
<DT id="569"><DD>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
782448 63% 110.64kB/s 0:00:04
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="570"><DD>
|
|
In this example, the receiver has reconstructed 782448 bytes or 63% of the
|
|
sender's file, which is being reconstructed at a rate of 110.64 kilobytes
|
|
per second, and the transfer will finish in 4 seconds if the current rate
|
|
is maintained until the end.
|
|
<DT id="571"><DD>
|
|
These statistics can be misleading if rsync's delta-transfer algorithm is
|
|
in use. For example, if the sender's file consists of the basis file
|
|
followed by additional data, the reported rate will probably drop
|
|
dramatically when the receiver gets to the literal data, and the transfer
|
|
will probably take much longer to finish than the receiver estimated as it
|
|
was finishing the matched part of the file.
|
|
<DT id="572"><DD>
|
|
When the file transfer finishes, rsync replaces the progress line with a
|
|
summary line that looks like this:
|
|
<DT id="573"><DD>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
1,238,099 100% 146.38kB/s 0:00:08 (xfr#5, to-chk=169/396)
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="574"><DD>
|
|
In this example, the file was 1,238,099 bytes long in total, the average rate
|
|
of transfer for the whole file was 146.38 kilobytes per second over the 8
|
|
seconds that it took to complete, it was the 5th transfer of a regular file
|
|
during the current rsync session, and there are 169 more files for the
|
|
receiver to check (to see if they are up-to-date or not) remaining out of
|
|
the 396 total files in the file-list.
|
|
<DT id="575"><DD>
|
|
In an incremental recursion scan, rsync won't know the total number of files
|
|
in the file-list until it reaches the ends of the scan, but since it starts to
|
|
transfer files during the scan, it will display a line with the text "ir-chk"
|
|
(for incremental recursion check) instead of "to-chk" until the point that it
|
|
knows the full size of the list, at which point it will switch to using
|
|
"to-chk". Thus, seeing "ir-chk" lets you know that the total count of files
|
|
in the file list is still going to increase (and each time it does, the count
|
|
of files left to check will increase by the number of the files added to the
|
|
list).
|
|
<DT id="576"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="577"><B>-P</B><DD>
|
|
The <B>-P</B> option is equivalent to <B>--partial</B> <B>--progress</B>. Its
|
|
purpose is to make it much easier to specify these two options for a long
|
|
transfer that may be interrupted.
|
|
<DT id="578"><DD>
|
|
There is also a <B>--info=progress2</B> option that outputs statistics based
|
|
on the whole transfer, rather than individual files. Use this flag without
|
|
outputting a filename (e.g. avoid <B>-v</B> or specify <B>--info=name0</B>) if you
|
|
want to see how the transfer is doing without scrolling the screen with a
|
|
lot of names. (You don't need to specify the <B>--progress</B> option in
|
|
order to use <B>--info=progress2</B>.)
|
|
<DT id="579"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="580"><B>--password-file=FILE</B><DD>
|
|
This option allows you to provide a password for
|
|
accessing an rsync daemon via a file or via standard input if <B>FILE</B> is
|
|
<B>-</B>. The file should contain just the password on the first line (all other
|
|
lines are ignored). Rsync will exit with an error if <B>FILE</B> is world
|
|
readable or if a root-run rsync command finds a non-root-owned file.
|
|
<DT id="581"><DD>
|
|
This option does not supply a password to a remote shell transport such as
|
|
ssh; to learn how to do that, consult the remote shell's documentation.
|
|
When accessing an rsync daemon using a remote shell as the transport, this
|
|
option only comes into effect after the remote shell finishes its
|
|
authentication (i.e. if you have also specified a password in the daemon's
|
|
config file).
|
|
<DT id="582"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="583"><B>--list-only</B><DD>
|
|
This option will cause the source files to be listed
|
|
instead of transferred. This option is inferred if there is a single source
|
|
arg and no destination specified, so its main uses are: (1) to turn a copy
|
|
command that includes a
|
|
destination arg into a file-listing command, or (2) to be able to specify
|
|
more than one source arg (note: be sure to include the destination).
|
|
Caution: keep in mind that a source arg with a wild-card is expanded by the
|
|
shell into multiple args, so it is never safe to try to list such an arg
|
|
without using this option. For example:
|
|
<DT id="584"><DD>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
rsync -av --list-only foo* dest/
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="585"><DD>
|
|
Starting with rsync 3.1.0, the sizes output by <B>--list-only</B> are affected
|
|
by the <B>--human-readable</B> option. By default they will contain digit
|
|
separators, but higher levels of readability will output the sizes with
|
|
unit suffixes. Note also that the column width for the size output has
|
|
increased from 11 to 14 characters for all human-readable levels. Use
|
|
<B>--no-h</B> if you want just digits in the sizes, and the old column width
|
|
of 11 characters.
|
|
<DT id="586"><DD>
|
|
Compatibility note: when requesting a remote listing of files from an rsync
|
|
that is version 2.6.3 or older, you may encounter an error if you ask for a
|
|
non-recursive listing. This is because a file listing implies the <B>--dirs</B>
|
|
option w/o <B>--recursive</B>, and older rsyncs don't have that option. To
|
|
avoid this problem, either specify the <B>--no-dirs</B> option (if you don't
|
|
need to expand a directory's content), or turn on recursion and exclude
|
|
the content of subdirectories: <B>-r --exclude='/*/*'</B>.
|
|
<DT id="587"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="588"><B>--bwlimit=RATE</B><DD>
|
|
This option allows you to specify the maximum transfer
|
|
rate for the data sent over the socket, specified in units per second. The
|
|
RATE value can be suffixed with a string to indicate a size multiplier, and may
|
|
be a fractional value (e.g. "<B>--bwlimit=1.5m</B>"). If no suffix is specified,
|
|
the value will be assumed to be in units of 1024 bytes (as if "K" or "KiB" had
|
|
been appended). See the <B>--max-size</B> option for a description of all the
|
|
available suffixes. A value of zero specifies no limit.
|
|
<DT id="589"><DD>
|
|
For backward-compatibility reasons, the rate limit will be rounded to the
|
|
nearest KiB unit, so no rate smaller than 1024 bytes per second is possible.
|
|
<DT id="590"><DD>
|
|
Rsync writes data over the socket in blocks, and this option both limits the
|
|
size of the blocks that rsync writes, and tries to keep the average transfer
|
|
rate at the requested limit. Some "burstiness" may be seen where rsync writes
|
|
out a block of data and then sleeps to bring the average rate into compliance.
|
|
<DT id="591"><DD>
|
|
Due to the internal buffering of data, the <B>--progress</B> option may not be an
|
|
accurate reflection on how fast the data is being sent. This is because some
|
|
files can show up as being rapidly sent when the data is quickly buffered,
|
|
while other can show up as very slow when the flushing of the output buffer
|
|
occurs. This may be fixed in a future version.
|
|
<DT id="592"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="593"><B>--stop-at=y-m-dTh:m</B><DD>
|
|
This option allows you to specify at what
|
|
time to stop rsync, in year-month-dayThour:minute numeric format (e.g.
|
|
2004-12-31T23:59). You can specify a 2 or 4-digit year. You can also
|
|
leave off various items and the result will be the next possible time
|
|
that matches the specified data. For example, "1-30" specifies the next
|
|
January 30th (at midnight), "04:00" specifies the next 4am, "1"
|
|
specifies the next 1st of the month at midnight, and ":59" specifies the
|
|
next 59th minute after the hour. If you prefer, you may separate the
|
|
date numbers using slashes instead of dashes.
|
|
<DT id="594"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="595"><B>--time-limit=MINS</B><DD>
|
|
This option allows you to specify the maximum
|
|
number of minutes rsync will run for.
|
|
<DT id="596"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="597"><B>--write-batch=FILE</B><DD>
|
|
Record a file that can later be applied to
|
|
another identical destination with <B>--read-batch</B>. See the "BATCH MODE"
|
|
section for details, and also the <B>--only-write-batch</B> option.
|
|
<DT id="598"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="599"><B>--only-write-batch=FILE</B><DD>
|
|
Works like <B>--write-batch</B>, except that
|
|
no updates are made on the destination system when creating the batch.
|
|
This lets you transport the changes to the destination system via some
|
|
other means and then apply the changes via <B>--read-batch</B>.
|
|
<DT id="600"><DD>
|
|
Note that you can feel free to write the batch directly to some portable
|
|
media: if this media fills to capacity before the end of the transfer, you
|
|
can just apply that partial transfer to the destination and repeat the
|
|
whole process to get the rest of the changes (as long as you don't mind a
|
|
partially updated destination system while the multi-update cycle is
|
|
happening).
|
|
<DT id="601"><DD>
|
|
Also note that you only save bandwidth when pushing changes to a remote
|
|
system because this allows the batched data to be diverted from the sender
|
|
into the batch file without having to flow over the wire to the receiver
|
|
(when pulling, the sender is remote, and thus can't write the batch).
|
|
<DT id="602"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="603"><B>--read-batch=FILE</B><DD>
|
|
Apply all of the changes stored in FILE, a
|
|
file previously generated by <B>--write-batch</B>.
|
|
If <I>FILE</I> is <B>-</B>, the batch data will be read from standard input.
|
|
See the "BATCH MODE" section for details.
|
|
<DT id="604"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="605"><B>--protocol=NUM</B><DD>
|
|
Force an older protocol version to be used. This
|
|
is useful for creating a batch file that is compatible with an older
|
|
version of rsync. For instance, if rsync 2.6.4 is being used with the
|
|
<B>--write-batch</B> option, but rsync 2.6.3 is what will be used to run the
|
|
<B>--read-batch</B> option, you should use "--protocol=28" when creating the
|
|
batch file to force the older protocol version to be used in the batch
|
|
file (assuming you can't upgrade the rsync on the reading system).
|
|
<DT id="606"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="607"><B>--iconv=CONVERT_SPEC</B><DD>
|
|
Rsync can convert filenames between character
|
|
sets using this option. Using a CONVERT_SPEC of "." tells rsync to look up
|
|
the default character-set via the locale setting. Alternately, you can
|
|
fully specify what conversion to do by giving a local and a remote charset
|
|
separated by a comma in the order <B>--iconv=LOCAL,REMOTE</B>, e.g.
|
|
<B>--iconv=utf8,iso88591</B>. This order ensures that the option
|
|
will stay the same whether you're pushing or pulling files.
|
|
Finally, you can specify either <B>--no-iconv</B> or a CONVERT_SPEC of "-"
|
|
to turn off any conversion.
|
|
The default setting of this option is site-specific, and can also be
|
|
affected via the RSYNC_ICONV environment variable.
|
|
<DT id="608"><DD>
|
|
For a list of what charset names your local iconv library supports, you can
|
|
run "iconv --list".
|
|
<DT id="609"><DD>
|
|
If you specify the <B>--protect-args</B> option (<B>-s</B>), rsync will translate
|
|
the filenames you specify on the command-line that are being sent to the
|
|
remote host. See also the <B>--files-from</B> option.
|
|
<DT id="610"><DD>
|
|
Note that rsync does not do any conversion of names in filter files
|
|
(including include/exclude files). It is up to you to ensure that you're
|
|
specifying matching rules that can match on both sides of the transfer.
|
|
For instance, you can specify extra include/exclude rules if there are
|
|
filename differences on the two sides that need to be accounted for.
|
|
<DT id="611"><DD>
|
|
When you pass an <B>--iconv</B> option to an rsync daemon that allows it, the
|
|
daemon uses the charset specified in its "charset" configuration parameter
|
|
regardless of the remote charset you actually pass. Thus, you may feel free to
|
|
specify just the local charset for a daemon transfer (e.g. <B>--iconv=utf8</B>).
|
|
<DT id="612"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="613"><B>--noatime</B><DD>
|
|
Use the O_NOATIME open flag on systems that support it.
|
|
The effect of this flag is to avoid altering the access time (atime) of the
|
|
opened files.
|
|
If the system does not support the O_NOATIME flag, this option does nothing.
|
|
Currently, systems known to support O_NOATIME are Linux >= 2.6.8 with glibc
|
|
>= 2.3.4.
|
|
<DT id="614"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="615"><B>-4, --ipv4</B> or <B>-6, --ipv6</B><DD>
|
|
Tells rsync to prefer IPv4/IPv6
|
|
when creating sockets. This only affects sockets that rsync has direct
|
|
control over, such as the outgoing socket when directly contacting an
|
|
rsync daemon. See also these options in the <B>--daemon</B> mode section.
|
|
<DT id="616"><DD>
|
|
If rsync was complied without support for IPv6, the <B>--ipv6</B> option
|
|
will have no effect. The <B>--version</B> output will tell you if this
|
|
is the case.
|
|
<DT id="617"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="618"><B>--checksum-seed=NUM</B><DD>
|
|
Set the checksum seed to the integer NUM. This 4
|
|
byte checksum seed is included in each block and MD4 file checksum calculation
|
|
(the more modern MD5 file checksums don't use a seed). By default the checksum
|
|
seed is generated by the server and defaults to the current
|
|
<TT>time()</TT>
|
|
. This
|
|
option is used to set a specific checksum seed, which is useful for
|
|
applications that want repeatable block checksums, or in the case where the
|
|
user wants a more random checksum seed. Setting NUM to 0 causes rsync to use
|
|
the default of
|
|
<TT>time()</TT>
|
|
for checksum seed.
|
|
<DT id="619"><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<A NAME="lbAP"> </A>
|
|
<H2>DAEMON OPTIONS</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The options allowed when starting an rsync daemon are as follows:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="620"><B>--daemon</B><DD>
|
|
This tells rsync that it is to run as a daemon. The
|
|
daemon you start running may be accessed using an rsync client using
|
|
the <B>host::module</B> or <B><A HREF="rsync://host/module/">rsync://host/module/</A></B> syntax.
|
|
<DT id="621"><DD>
|
|
If standard input is a socket then rsync will assume that it is being
|
|
run via inetd, otherwise it will detach from the current terminal and
|
|
become a background daemon. The daemon will read the config file
|
|
(rsyncd.conf) on each connect made by a client and respond to
|
|
requests accordingly. See the <B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?5+rsyncd.conf">rsyncd.conf</A></B>(5) man page for more
|
|
details.
|
|
<DT id="622"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="623"><B>--address</B><DD>
|
|
By default rsync will bind to the wildcard address when
|
|
run as a daemon with the <B>--daemon</B> option. The <B>--address</B> option
|
|
allows you to specify a specific IP address (or hostname) to bind to. This
|
|
makes virtual hosting possible in conjunction with the <B>--config</B> option.
|
|
See also the "address" global option in the rsyncd.conf manpage.
|
|
<DT id="624"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="625"><B>--bwlimit=RATE</B><DD>
|
|
This option allows you to specify the maximum transfer
|
|
rate for the data the daemon sends over the socket. The client can still
|
|
specify a smaller <B>--bwlimit</B> value, but no larger value will be allowed.
|
|
See the client version of this option (above) for some extra details.
|
|
<DT id="626"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="627"><B>--config=FILE</B><DD>
|
|
This specifies an alternate config file than
|
|
the default. This is only relevant when <B>--daemon</B> is specified.
|
|
The default is /etc/rsyncd.conf unless the daemon is running over
|
|
a remote shell program and the remote user is not the super-user; in that case
|
|
the default is rsyncd.conf in the current directory (typically $HOME).
|
|
<DT id="628"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="629"><B>-M, --dparam=OVERRIDE</B><DD>
|
|
This option can be used to set a daemon-config
|
|
parameter when starting up rsync in daemon mode. It is equivalent to adding
|
|
the parameter at the end of the global settings prior to the first module's
|
|
definition. The parameter names can be specified without spaces, if you so
|
|
desire. For instance:
|
|
<DT id="630"><DD>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
rsync --daemon -M pidfile=/path/rsync.pid
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DT id="631"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="632"><B>--no-detach</B><DD>
|
|
When running as a daemon, this option instructs
|
|
rsync to not detach itself and become a background process. This
|
|
option is required when running as a service on Cygwin, and may also
|
|
be useful when rsync is supervised by a program such as
|
|
<B>daemontools</B> or AIX's <B>System Resource Controller</B>.
|
|
<B>--no-detach</B> is also recommended when rsync is run under a
|
|
debugger. This option has no effect if rsync is run from inetd or
|
|
sshd.
|
|
<DT id="633"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="634"><B>--port=PORT</B><DD>
|
|
This specifies an alternate TCP port number for the
|
|
daemon to listen on rather than the default of 873. See also the "port"
|
|
global option in the rsyncd.conf manpage.
|
|
<DT id="635"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="636"><B>--log-file=FILE</B><DD>
|
|
This option tells the rsync daemon to use the
|
|
given log-file name instead of using the "log file" setting in the config
|
|
file.
|
|
<DT id="637"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="638"><B>--log-file-format=FORMAT</B><DD>
|
|
This option tells the rsync daemon to use the
|
|
given FORMAT string instead of using the "log format" setting in the config
|
|
file. It also enables "transfer logging" unless the string is empty, in which
|
|
case transfer logging is turned off.
|
|
<DT id="639"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="640"><B>--sockopts</B><DD>
|
|
This overrides the <B>socket options</B> setting in the
|
|
rsyncd.conf file and has the same syntax.
|
|
<DT id="641"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="642"><B>-v, --verbose</B><DD>
|
|
This option increases the amount of information the
|
|
daemon logs during its startup phase. After the client connects, the
|
|
daemon's verbosity level will be controlled by the options that the client
|
|
used and the "max verbosity" setting in the module's config section.
|
|
<DT id="643"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="644"><B>-4, --ipv4</B> or <B>-6, --ipv6</B><DD>
|
|
Tells rsync to prefer IPv4/IPv6
|
|
when creating the incoming sockets that the rsync daemon will use to
|
|
listen for connections. One of these options may be required in older
|
|
versions of Linux to work around an IPv6 bug in the kernel (if you see
|
|
an "address already in use" error when nothing else is using the port,
|
|
try specifying <B>--ipv6</B> or <B>--ipv4</B> when starting the daemon).
|
|
<DT id="645"><DD>
|
|
If rsync was complied without support for IPv6, the <B>--ipv6</B> option
|
|
will have no effect. The <B>--version</B> output will tell you if this
|
|
is the case.
|
|
<DT id="646"><DD>
|
|
<DT id="647"><B>-h, --help</B><DD>
|
|
When specified after <B>--daemon</B>, print a short help
|
|
page describing the options available for starting an rsync daemon.
|
|
<DT id="648"><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<A NAME="lbAQ"> </A>
|
|
<H2>FILTER RULES</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The filter rules allow for flexible selection of which files to transfer
|
|
(include) and which files to skip (exclude). The rules either directly
|
|
specify include/exclude patterns or they specify a way to acquire more
|
|
include/exclude patterns (e.g. to read them from a file).
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
As the list of files/directories to transfer is built, rsync checks each
|
|
name to be transferred against the list of include/exclude patterns in
|
|
turn, and the first matching pattern is acted on: if it is an exclude
|
|
pattern, then that file is skipped; if it is an include pattern then that
|
|
filename is not skipped; if no matching pattern is found, then the
|
|
filename is not skipped.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Rsync builds an ordered list of filter rules as specified on the
|
|
command-line. Filter rules have the following syntax:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="649"><DD>
|
|
RULE [PATTERN_OR_FILENAME]
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
RULE,MODIFIERS [PATTERN_OR_FILENAME]
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
You have your choice of using either short or long RULE names, as described
|
|
below. If you use a short-named rule, the ',' separating the RULE from the
|
|
MODIFIERS is optional. The PATTERN or FILENAME that follows (when present)
|
|
must come after either a single space or an underscore (_).
|
|
Here are the available rule prefixes:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="650"><DD>
|
|
<B>exclude, -</B> specifies an exclude pattern.
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
<B>include, +</B> specifies an include pattern.
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
<B>merge, .</B> specifies a merge-file to read for more rules.
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
<B>dir-merge, :</B> specifies a per-directory merge-file.
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
<B>hide, H</B> specifies a pattern for hiding files from the transfer.
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
<B>show, S</B> files that match the pattern are not hidden.
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
<B>protect, P</B> specifies a pattern for protecting files from deletion.
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
<B>risk, R</B> files that match the pattern are not protected.
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
<B>clear, !</B> clears the current include/exclude list (takes no arg)
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
When rules are being read from a file, empty lines are ignored, as are
|
|
comment lines that start with a "#".
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Note that the <B>--include</B>/<B>--exclude</B> command-line options do not allow the
|
|
full range of rule parsing as described above -- they only allow the
|
|
specification of include/exclude patterns plus a "!" token to clear the
|
|
list (and the normal comment parsing when rules are read from a file).
|
|
If a pattern
|
|
does not begin with "- " (dash, space) or "+ " (plus, space), then the
|
|
rule will be interpreted as if "+ " (for an include option) or "- " (for
|
|
an exclude option) were prefixed to the string. A <B>--filter</B> option, on
|
|
the other hand, must always contain either a short or long rule name at the
|
|
start of the rule.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Note also that the <B>--filter</B>, <B>--include</B>, and <B>--exclude</B> options take one
|
|
rule/pattern each. To add multiple ones, you can repeat the options on
|
|
the command-line, use the merge-file syntax of the <B>--filter</B> option, or
|
|
the <B>--include-from</B>/<B>--exclude-from</B> options.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAR"> </A>
|
|
<H2>INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERN RULES</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
You can include and exclude files by specifying patterns using the "+",
|
|
"-", etc. filter rules (as introduced in the FILTER RULES section above).
|
|
The include/exclude rules each specify a pattern that is matched against
|
|
the names of the files that are going to be transferred. These patterns
|
|
can take several forms:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="651">o<DD>
|
|
if the pattern starts with a / then it is anchored to a
|
|
particular spot in the hierarchy of files, otherwise it is matched
|
|
against the end of the pathname. This is similar to a leading ^ in
|
|
regular expressions.
|
|
Thus "/foo" would match a name of "foo" at either the "root of the
|
|
transfer" (for a global rule) or in the merge-file's directory (for a
|
|
per-directory rule).
|
|
An unqualified "foo" would match a name of "foo" anywhere in the
|
|
tree because the algorithm is applied recursively from the
|
|
top down; it behaves as if each path component gets a turn at being the
|
|
end of the filename. Even the unanchored "sub/foo" would match at
|
|
any point in the hierarchy where a "foo" was found within a directory
|
|
named "sub". See the section on ANCHORING INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERNS for
|
|
a full discussion of how to specify a pattern that matches at the root
|
|
of the transfer.
|
|
<DT id="652">o<DD>
|
|
if the pattern ends with a / then it will only match a
|
|
directory, not a regular file, symlink, or device.
|
|
<DT id="653">o<DD>
|
|
rsync chooses between doing a simple string match and wildcard
|
|
matching by checking if the pattern contains one of these three wildcard
|
|
characters: '*', '?', and '[' .
|
|
<DT id="654">o<DD>
|
|
a '*' matches any path component, but it stops at slashes.
|
|
<DT id="655">o<DD>
|
|
use '**' to match anything, including slashes.
|
|
<DT id="656">o<DD>
|
|
a '?' matches any character except a slash (/).
|
|
<DT id="657">o<DD>
|
|
a '[' introduces a character class, such as [a-z] or [[:alpha:]].
|
|
<DT id="658">o<DD>
|
|
in a wildcard pattern, a backslash can be used to escape a wildcard
|
|
character, but it is matched literally when no wildcards are present.
|
|
This means that there is an extra level of backslash removal when a
|
|
pattern contains wildcard characters compared to a pattern that has none.
|
|
e.g. if you add a wildcard to "foo\bar" (which matches the backslash) you
|
|
would need to use "foo\\bar*" to avoid the "\b" becoming just "b".
|
|
<DT id="659">o<DD>
|
|
if the pattern contains a / (not counting a trailing /) or a "**",
|
|
then it is matched against the full pathname, including any leading
|
|
directories. If the pattern doesn't contain a / or a "**", then it is
|
|
matched only against the final component of the filename.
|
|
(Remember that the algorithm is applied recursively so "full filename"
|
|
can actually be any portion of a path from the starting directory on
|
|
down.)
|
|
<DT id="660">o<DD>
|
|
a trailing "dir_name/***" will match both the directory (as if
|
|
"dir_name/" had been specified) and everything in the directory
|
|
(as if "dir_name/**" had been specified). This behavior was added in
|
|
version 2.6.7.
|
|
<P>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Note that, when using the <B>--recursive</B> (<B>-r</B>) option (which is implied by
|
|
<B>-a</B>), every subdir component of every path is visited left to right, with
|
|
each directory having a chance for exclusion before its content. In this way
|
|
include/exclude patterns are applied recursively to the pathname of each node
|
|
in the filesystem's tree (those inside the transfer). The exclude patterns
|
|
short-circuit the directory traversal stage as rsync finds the files to send.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
For instance, to include "/foo/bar/baz", the directories "/foo" and "/foo/bar"
|
|
must not be excluded. Excluding one of those parent directories prevents the
|
|
examination of its content, cutting off rsync's recursion into those paths and
|
|
rendering the include for "/foo/bar/baz" ineffectual (since rsync can't match
|
|
something it never sees in the cut-off section of the directory hierarchy).
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The concept path exclusion is particularly important when using a trailing '*'
|
|
rule. For instance, this won't work:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="661"><DD>
|
|
+ /some/path/this-file-will-not-be-found
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+ /file-is-included
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
- *
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
This fails because the parent directory "some" is excluded by the '*'
|
|
rule, so rsync never visits any of the files in the "some" or "some/path"
|
|
directories. One solution is to ask for all directories in the hierarchy
|
|
to be included by using a single rule: "+ */" (put it somewhere before the
|
|
"- *" rule), and perhaps use the <B>--prune-empty-dirs</B> option. Another
|
|
solution is to add specific include rules for all
|
|
the parent dirs that need to be visited. For instance, this set of rules
|
|
works fine:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="662"><DD>
|
|
+ /some/
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+ /some/path/
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+ /some/path/this-file-is-found
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+ /file-also-included
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
- *
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Here are some examples of exclude/include matching:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="663">o<DD>
|
|
"- *.o" would exclude all names matching *.o
|
|
<DT id="664">o<DD>
|
|
"- /foo" would exclude a file (or directory) named foo in the
|
|
transfer-root directory
|
|
<DT id="665">o<DD>
|
|
"- foo/" would exclude any directory named foo
|
|
<DT id="666">o<DD>
|
|
"- /foo/*/bar" would exclude any file named bar which is at two
|
|
levels below a directory named foo in the transfer-root directory
|
|
<DT id="667">o<DD>
|
|
"- /foo/**/bar" would exclude any file named bar two
|
|
or more levels below a directory named foo in the transfer-root directory
|
|
<DT id="668">o<DD>
|
|
The combination of "+ */", "+ *.c", and "- *" would include all
|
|
directories and C source files but nothing else (see also the
|
|
<B>--prune-empty-dirs</B> option)
|
|
<DT id="669">o<DD>
|
|
The combination of "+ foo/", "+ foo/bar.c", and "- *" would include
|
|
only the foo directory and foo/bar.c (the foo directory must be
|
|
explicitly included or it would be excluded by the "*")
|
|
<P>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The following modifiers are accepted after a "+" or "-":
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="670">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>/</B> specifies that the include/exclude rule should be matched
|
|
against the absolute pathname of the current item. For example,
|
|
"-/ /etc/passwd" would exclude the passwd file any time the transfer
|
|
was sending files from the "/etc" directory, and "-/ subdir/foo"
|
|
would always exclude "foo" when it is in a dir named "subdir", even
|
|
if "foo" is at the root of the current transfer.
|
|
<DT id="671">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>!</B> specifies that the include/exclude should take effect if
|
|
the pattern fails to match. For instance, "-! */" would exclude all
|
|
non-directories.
|
|
<DT id="672">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>C</B> is used to indicate that all the global CVS-exclude rules
|
|
should be inserted as excludes in place of the "-C". No arg should
|
|
follow.
|
|
<DT id="673">o<DD>
|
|
An <B>s</B> is used to indicate that the rule applies to the sending
|
|
side. When a rule affects the sending side, it prevents files from
|
|
being transferred. The default is for a rule to affect both sides
|
|
unless <B>--delete-excluded</B> was specified, in which case default rules
|
|
become sender-side only. See also the hide (H) and show (S) rules,
|
|
which are an alternate way to specify sending-side includes/excludes.
|
|
<DT id="674">o<DD>
|
|
An <B>r</B> is used to indicate that the rule applies to the receiving
|
|
side. When a rule affects the receiving side, it prevents files from
|
|
being deleted. See the <B>s</B> modifier for more info. See also the
|
|
protect (P) and risk (R) rules, which are an alternate way to
|
|
specify receiver-side includes/excludes.
|
|
<DT id="675">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>p</B> indicates that a rule is perishable, meaning that it is
|
|
ignored in directories that are being deleted. For instance, the <B>-C</B>
|
|
option's default rules that exclude things like "CVS" and "*.o" are
|
|
marked as perishable, and will not prevent a directory that was removed
|
|
on the source from being deleted on the destination.
|
|
<DT id="676">o<DD>
|
|
An <B>x</B> indicates that a rule affects xattr names in xattr copy/delete
|
|
operations (and is thus ignored when matching file/dir names). If no
|
|
xattr-matching rules are specified, a default xattr filtering rule is
|
|
used (see the <B>--xattrs</B> option).
|
|
<P>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAS"> </A>
|
|
<H2>MERGE-FILE FILTER RULES</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
You can merge whole files into your filter rules by specifying either a
|
|
merge (.) or a dir-merge (:) filter rule (as introduced in the FILTER RULES
|
|
section above).
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
There are two kinds of merged files -- single-instance ('.') and
|
|
per-directory (':'). A single-instance merge file is read one time, and
|
|
its rules are incorporated into the filter list in the place of the "."
|
|
rule. For per-directory merge files, rsync will scan every directory that
|
|
it traverses for the named file, merging its contents when the file exists
|
|
into the current list of inherited rules. These per-directory rule files
|
|
must be created on the sending side because it is the sending side that is
|
|
being scanned for the available files to transfer. These rule files may
|
|
also need to be transferred to the receiving side if you want them to
|
|
affect what files don't get deleted (see PER-DIRECTORY RULES AND DELETE
|
|
below).
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Some examples:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="677"><DD>
|
|
merge /etc/rsync/default.rules
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
. /etc/rsync/default.rules
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
dir-merge .per-dir-filter
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
dir-merge,n- .non-inherited-per-dir-excludes
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
:n- .non-inherited-per-dir-excludes
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The following modifiers are accepted after a merge or dir-merge rule:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="678">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>-</B> specifies that the file should consist of only exclude
|
|
patterns, with no other rule-parsing except for in-file comments.
|
|
<DT id="679">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>+</B> specifies that the file should consist of only include
|
|
patterns, with no other rule-parsing except for in-file comments.
|
|
<DT id="680">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>C</B> is a way to specify that the file should be read in a
|
|
CVS-compatible manner. This turns on 'n', 'w', and '-', but also
|
|
allows the list-clearing token (!) to be specified. If no filename is
|
|
provided, ".cvsignore" is assumed.
|
|
<DT id="681">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>e</B> will exclude the merge-file name from the transfer; e.g.
|
|
"dir-merge,e .rules" is like "dir-merge .rules" and "- .rules".
|
|
<DT id="682">o<DD>
|
|
An <B>n</B> specifies that the rules are not inherited by subdirectories.
|
|
<DT id="683">o<DD>
|
|
A <B>w</B> specifies that the rules are word-split on whitespace instead
|
|
of the normal line-splitting. This also turns off comments. Note: the
|
|
space that separates the prefix from the rule is treated specially, so
|
|
"- foo + bar" is parsed as two rules (assuming that prefix-parsing wasn't
|
|
also disabled).
|
|
<DT id="684">o<DD>
|
|
You may also specify any of the modifiers for the "+" or "-" rules
|
|
(above) in order to have the rules that are read in from the file
|
|
default to having that modifier set (except for the <B>!</B> modifier, which
|
|
would not be useful). For instance, "merge,-/ .excl" would
|
|
treat the contents of .excl as absolute-path excludes,
|
|
while "dir-merge,s .filt" and ":sC" would each make all their
|
|
per-directory rules apply only on the sending side. If the merge rule
|
|
specifies sides to affect (via the <B>s</B> or <B>r</B> modifier or both),
|
|
then the rules in the file must not specify sides (via a modifier or
|
|
a rule prefix such as <B>hide</B>).
|
|
<P>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Per-directory rules are inherited in all subdirectories of the directory
|
|
where the merge-file was found unless the 'n' modifier was used. Each
|
|
subdirectory's rules are prefixed to the inherited per-directory rules
|
|
from its parents, which gives the newest rules a higher priority than the
|
|
inherited rules. The entire set of dir-merge rules are grouped together in
|
|
the spot where the merge-file was specified, so it is possible to override
|
|
dir-merge rules via a rule that got specified earlier in the list of global
|
|
rules. When the list-clearing rule ("!") is read from a per-directory
|
|
file, it only clears the inherited rules for the current merge file.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Another way to prevent a single rule from a dir-merge file from being inherited is to
|
|
anchor it with a leading slash. Anchored rules in a per-directory
|
|
merge-file are relative to the merge-file's directory, so a pattern "/foo"
|
|
would only match the file "foo" in the directory where the dir-merge filter
|
|
file was found.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Here's an example filter file which you'd specify via <B>--filter=". file":</B>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="685"><DD>
|
|
merge /home/user/.global-filter
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
- *.gz
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
dir-merge .rules
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+ *.[ch]
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
- *.o
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
This will merge the contents of the /home/user/.global-filter file at the
|
|
start of the list and also turns the ".rules" filename into a per-directory
|
|
filter file. All rules read in prior to the start of the directory scan
|
|
follow the global anchoring rules (i.e. a leading slash matches at the root
|
|
of the transfer).
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
If a per-directory merge-file is specified with a path that is a parent
|
|
directory of the first transfer directory, rsync will scan all the parent
|
|
dirs from that starting point to the transfer directory for the indicated
|
|
per-directory file. For instance, here is a common filter (see <B>-F</B>):
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="686"><DD>
|
|
--filter=': /.rsync-filter'
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
That rule tells rsync to scan for the file .rsync-filter in all
|
|
directories from the root down through the parent directory of the
|
|
transfer prior to the start of the normal directory scan of the file in
|
|
the directories that are sent as a part of the transfer. (Note: for an
|
|
rsync daemon, the root is always the same as the module's "path".)
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Some examples of this pre-scanning for per-directory files:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="687"><DD>
|
|
rsync -avF /src/path/ /dest/dir
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
rsync -av --filter=': ../../.rsync-filter' /src/path/ /dest/dir
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
rsync -av --filter=': .rsync-filter' /src/path/ /dest/dir
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The first two commands above will look for ".rsync-filter" in "/" and
|
|
"/src" before the normal scan begins looking for the file in "/src/path"
|
|
and its subdirectories. The last command avoids the parent-dir scan
|
|
and only looks for the ".rsync-filter" files in each directory that is
|
|
a part of the transfer.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
If you want to include the contents of a ".cvsignore" in your patterns,
|
|
you should use the rule ":C", which creates a dir-merge of the .cvsignore
|
|
file, but parsed in a CVS-compatible manner. You can
|
|
use this to affect where the <B>--cvs-exclude</B> (<B>-C</B>) option's inclusion of the
|
|
per-directory .cvsignore file gets placed into your rules by putting the
|
|
":C" wherever you like in your filter rules. Without this, rsync would
|
|
add the dir-merge rule for the .cvsignore file at the end of all your other
|
|
rules (giving it a lower priority than your command-line rules). For
|
|
example:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="688"><DD>
|
|
cat <<EOT | rsync -avC --filter='. -' a/ b
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+ foo.o
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
:C
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
- *.old
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
EOT
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
rsync -avC --include=foo.o -f :C --exclude='*.old' a/ b
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Both of the above rsync commands are identical. Each one will merge all
|
|
the per-directory .cvsignore rules in the middle of the list rather than
|
|
at the end. This allows their dir-specific rules to supersede the rules
|
|
that follow the :C instead of being subservient to all your rules. To
|
|
affect the other CVS exclude rules (i.e. the default list of exclusions,
|
|
the contents of $HOME/.cvsignore, and the value of $CVSIGNORE) you should
|
|
omit the <B>-C</B> command-line option and instead insert a "-C" rule into
|
|
your filter rules; e.g. "<B>--filter=-C</B>".
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAT"> </A>
|
|
<H2>LIST-CLEARING FILTER RULE</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
You can clear the current include/exclude list by using the "!" filter
|
|
rule (as introduced in the FILTER RULES section above). The "current"
|
|
list is either the global list of rules (if the rule is encountered while
|
|
parsing the filter options) or a set of per-directory rules (which are
|
|
inherited in their own sub-list, so a subdirectory can use this to clear
|
|
out the parent's rules).
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAU"> </A>
|
|
<H2>ANCHORING INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERNS</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
As mentioned earlier, global include/exclude patterns are anchored at the
|
|
"root of the transfer" (as opposed to per-directory patterns, which are
|
|
anchored at the merge-file's directory). If you think of the transfer as
|
|
a subtree of names that are being sent from sender to receiver, the
|
|
transfer-root is where the tree starts to be duplicated in the destination
|
|
directory. This root governs where patterns that start with a / match.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Because the matching is relative to the transfer-root, changing the
|
|
trailing slash on a source path or changing your use of the <B>--relative</B>
|
|
option affects the path you need to use in your matching (in addition to
|
|
changing how much of the file tree is duplicated on the destination
|
|
host). The following examples demonstrate this.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Let's say that we want to match two source files, one with an absolute
|
|
path of "/home/me/foo/bar", and one with a path of "/home/you/bar/baz".
|
|
Here is how the various command choices differ for a 2-source transfer:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="689"><DD>
|
|
Example cmd: rsync -a /home/me /home/you /dest
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+/- pattern: /me/foo/bar
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+/- pattern: /you/bar/baz
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
Target file: /dest/me/foo/bar
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
Target file: /dest/you/bar/baz
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="690"><DD>
|
|
Example cmd: rsync -a /home/me/ /home/you/ /dest
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+/- pattern: /foo/bar (note missing "me")
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+/- pattern: /bar/baz (note missing "you")
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
Target file: /dest/foo/bar
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
Target file: /dest/bar/baz
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="691"><DD>
|
|
Example cmd: rsync -a --relative /home/me/ /home/you /dest
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+/- pattern: /home/me/foo/bar (note full path)
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+/- pattern: /home/you/bar/baz (ditto)
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
Target file: /dest/home/me/foo/bar
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
Target file: /dest/home/you/bar/baz
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="692"><DD>
|
|
Example cmd: cd /home; rsync -a --relative me/foo you/ /dest
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+/- pattern: /me/foo/bar (starts at specified path)
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
+/- pattern: /you/bar/baz (ditto)
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
Target file: /dest/me/foo/bar
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
Target file: /dest/you/bar/baz
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The easiest way to see what name you should filter is to just
|
|
look at the output when using <B>--verbose</B> and put a / in front of the name
|
|
(use the <B>--dry-run</B> option if you're not yet ready to copy any files).
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAV"> </A>
|
|
<H2>PER-DIRECTORY RULES AND DELETE</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Without a delete option, per-directory rules are only relevant on the
|
|
sending side, so you can feel free to exclude the merge files themselves
|
|
without affecting the transfer. To make this easy, the 'e' modifier adds
|
|
this exclude for you, as seen in these two equivalent commands:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="693"><DD>
|
|
rsync -av --filter=': .excl' --exclude=.excl host:src/dir /dest
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
rsync -av --filter=':e .excl' host:src/dir /dest
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
However, if you want to do a delete on the receiving side AND you want some
|
|
files to be excluded from being deleted, you'll need to be sure that the
|
|
receiving side knows what files to exclude. The easiest way is to include
|
|
the per-directory merge files in the transfer and use <B>--delete-after</B>,
|
|
because this ensures that the receiving side gets all the same exclude
|
|
rules as the sending side before it tries to delete anything:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="694"><DD>
|
|
rsync -avF --delete-after host:src/dir /dest
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
However, if the merge files are not a part of the transfer, you'll need to
|
|
either specify some global exclude rules (i.e. specified on the command
|
|
line), or you'll need to maintain your own per-directory merge files on
|
|
the receiving side. An example of the first is this (assume that the
|
|
remote .rules files exclude themselves):
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
rsync -av --filter=': .rules' --filter='. /my/extra.rules'
|
|
--delete host:src/dir /dest
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
In the above example the extra.rules file can affect both sides of the
|
|
transfer, but (on the sending side) the rules are subservient to the rules
|
|
merged from the .rules files because they were specified after the
|
|
per-directory merge rule.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
In one final example, the remote side is excluding the .rsync-filter
|
|
files from the transfer, but we want to use our own .rsync-filter files
|
|
to control what gets deleted on the receiving side. To do this we must
|
|
specifically exclude the per-directory merge files (so that they don't get
|
|
deleted) and then put rules into the local files to control what else
|
|
should not get deleted. Like one of these commands:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
rsync -av --filter=':e /.rsync-filter' --delete \
|
|
host:src/dir /dest
|
|
rsync -avFF --delete host:src/dir /dest
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAW"> </A>
|
|
<H2>BATCH MODE</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Batch mode can be used to apply the same set of updates to many
|
|
identical systems. Suppose one has a tree which is replicated on a
|
|
number of hosts. Now suppose some changes have been made to this
|
|
source tree and those changes need to be propagated to the other
|
|
hosts. In order to do this using batch mode, rsync is run with the
|
|
write-batch option to apply the changes made to the source tree to one
|
|
of the destination trees. The write-batch option causes the rsync
|
|
client to store in a "batch file" all the information needed to repeat
|
|
this operation against other, identical destination trees.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Generating the batch file once saves having to perform the file
|
|
status, checksum, and data block generation more than once when
|
|
updating multiple destination trees. Multicast transport protocols can
|
|
be used to transfer the batch update files in parallel to many hosts
|
|
at once, instead of sending the same data to every host individually.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
To apply the recorded changes to another destination tree, run rsync
|
|
with the read-batch option, specifying the name of the same batch
|
|
file, and the destination tree. Rsync updates the destination tree
|
|
using the information stored in the batch file.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
For your convenience, a script file is also created when the write-batch
|
|
option is used: it will be named the same as the batch file with ".sh"
|
|
appended. This script file contains a command-line suitable for updating a
|
|
destination tree using the associated batch file. It can be executed using
|
|
a Bourne (or Bourne-like) shell, optionally passing in an alternate
|
|
destination tree pathname which is then used instead of the original
|
|
destination path. This is useful when the destination tree path on the
|
|
current host differs from the one used to create the batch file.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Examples:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="695"><DD>
|
|
$ rsync --write-batch=foo -a host:/source/dir/ /adest/dir/
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
$ scp foo* remote:
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
$ ssh remote ./foo.sh /bdest/dir/
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="696"><DD>
|
|
$ rsync --write-batch=foo -a /source/dir/ /adest/dir/
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
$ ssh remote rsync --read-batch=- -a /bdest/dir/ <foo
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
In these examples, rsync is used to update /adest/dir/ from /source/dir/
|
|
and the information to repeat this operation is stored in "foo" and
|
|
"foo.sh". The host "remote" is then updated with the batched data going
|
|
into the directory /bdest/dir. The differences between the two examples
|
|
reveals some of the flexibility you have in how you deal with batches:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="697">o<DD>
|
|
The first example shows that the initial copy doesn't have to be
|
|
local -- you can push or pull data to/from a remote host using either the
|
|
remote-shell syntax or rsync daemon syntax, as desired.
|
|
<DT id="698">o<DD>
|
|
The first example uses the created "foo.sh" file to get the right
|
|
rsync options when running the read-batch command on the remote host.
|
|
<DT id="699">o<DD>
|
|
The second example reads the batch data via standard input so that
|
|
the batch file doesn't need to be copied to the remote machine first.
|
|
This example avoids the foo.sh script because it needed to use a modified
|
|
<B>--read-batch</B> option, but you could edit the script file if you wished to
|
|
make use of it (just be sure that no other option is trying to use
|
|
standard input, such as the "<B>--exclude-from=-</B>" option).
|
|
<P>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Caveats:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The read-batch option expects the destination tree that it is updating
|
|
to be identical to the destination tree that was used to create the
|
|
batch update fileset. When a difference between the destination trees
|
|
is encountered the update might be discarded with a warning (if the file
|
|
appears to be up-to-date already) or the file-update may be attempted
|
|
and then, if the file fails to verify, the update discarded with an
|
|
error. This means that it should be safe to re-run a read-batch operation
|
|
if the command got interrupted. If you wish to force the batched-update to
|
|
always be attempted regardless of the file's size and date, use the <B>-I</B>
|
|
option (when reading the batch).
|
|
If an error occurs, the destination tree will probably be in a
|
|
partially updated state. In that case, rsync can
|
|
be used in its regular (non-batch) mode of operation to fix up the
|
|
destination tree.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The rsync version used on all destinations must be at least as new as the
|
|
one used to generate the batch file. Rsync will die with an error if the
|
|
protocol version in the batch file is too new for the batch-reading rsync
|
|
to handle. See also the <B>--protocol</B> option for a way to have the
|
|
creating rsync generate a batch file that an older rsync can understand.
|
|
(Note that batch files changed format in version 2.6.3, so mixing versions
|
|
older than that with newer versions will not work.)
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
When reading a batch file, rsync will force the value of certain options
|
|
to match the data in the batch file if you didn't set them to the same
|
|
as the batch-writing command. Other options can (and should) be changed.
|
|
For instance <B>--write-batch</B> changes to <B>--read-batch</B>,
|
|
<B>--files-from</B> is dropped, and the
|
|
<B>--filter</B>/<B>--include</B>/<B>--exclude</B> options are not needed unless
|
|
one of the <B>--delete</B> options is specified.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The code that creates the BATCH.sh file transforms any filter/include/exclude
|
|
options into a single list that is appended as a "here" document to the
|
|
shell script file. An advanced user can use this to modify the exclude
|
|
list if a change in what gets deleted by <B>--delete</B> is desired. A normal
|
|
user can ignore this detail and just use the shell script as an easy way
|
|
to run the appropriate <B>--read-batch</B> command for the batched data.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The original batch mode in rsync was based on "rsync+", but the latest
|
|
version uses a new implementation.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAX"> </A>
|
|
<H2>SYMBOLIC LINKS</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Three basic behaviors are possible when rsync encounters a symbolic
|
|
link in the source directory.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
By default, symbolic links are not transferred at all. A message
|
|
"skipping non-regular" file is emitted for any symlinks that exist.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
If <B>--links</B> is specified, then symlinks are recreated with the same
|
|
target on the destination. Note that <B>--archive</B> implies
|
|
<B>--links</B>.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
If <B>--copy-links</B> is specified, then symlinks are "collapsed" by
|
|
copying their referent, rather than the symlink.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Rsync can also distinguish "safe" and "unsafe" symbolic links. An
|
|
example where this might be used is a web site mirror that wishes to
|
|
ensure that the rsync module that is copied does not include symbolic links to
|
|
<B>/etc/passwd</B> in the public section of the site. Using
|
|
<B>--copy-unsafe-links</B> will cause any links to be copied as the file
|
|
they point to on the destination. Using <B>--safe-links</B> will cause
|
|
unsafe links to be omitted altogether. (Note that you must specify
|
|
<B>--links</B> for <B>--safe-links</B> to have any effect.)
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Symbolic links are considered unsafe if they are absolute symlinks
|
|
(start with <B>/</B>), empty, or if they contain enough ".."
|
|
components to ascend from the directory being copied.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Here's a summary of how the symlink options are interpreted. The list is
|
|
in order of precedence, so if your combination of options isn't mentioned,
|
|
use the first line that is a complete subset of your options:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="700"><B>--copy-links</B><DD>
|
|
Turn all symlinks into normal files (leaving no
|
|
symlinks for any other options to affect).
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="701"><B>--links --copy-unsafe-links</B><DD>
|
|
Turn all unsafe symlinks into files
|
|
and duplicate all safe symlinks.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="702"><B>--copy-unsafe-links</B><DD>
|
|
Turn all unsafe symlinks into files, noisily
|
|
skip all safe symlinks.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="703"><B>--links --safe-links</B><DD>
|
|
Duplicate safe symlinks and skip unsafe
|
|
ones.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="704"><B>--links</B><DD>
|
|
Duplicate all symlinks.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAY"> </A>
|
|
<H2>DIAGNOSTICS</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
rsync occasionally produces error messages that may seem a little
|
|
cryptic. The one that seems to cause the most confusion is "protocol
|
|
version mismatch -- is your shell clean?".
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
This message is usually caused by your startup scripts or remote shell
|
|
facility producing unwanted garbage on the stream that rsync is using
|
|
for its transport. The way to diagnose this problem is to run your
|
|
remote shell like this:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="705"><DD>
|
|
ssh remotehost /bin/true > out.dat
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
then look at out.dat. If everything is working correctly then out.dat
|
|
should be a zero length file. If you are getting the above error from
|
|
rsync then you will probably find that out.dat contains some text or
|
|
data. Look at the contents and try to work out what is producing
|
|
it. The most common cause is incorrectly configured shell startup
|
|
scripts (such as .cshrc or .profile) that contain output statements
|
|
for non-interactive logins.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
If you are having trouble debugging filter patterns, then
|
|
try specifying the <B>-vv</B> option. At this level of verbosity rsync will
|
|
show why each individual file is included or excluded.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAZ"> </A>
|
|
<H2>EXIT VALUES</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="706"><B>0</B><DD>
|
|
Success
|
|
<DT id="707"><B>1</B><DD>
|
|
Syntax or usage error
|
|
<DT id="708"><B>2</B><DD>
|
|
Protocol incompatibility
|
|
<DT id="709"><B>3</B><DD>
|
|
Errors selecting input/output files, dirs
|
|
<DT id="710"><B>4</B><DD>
|
|
Requested action not supported: an attempt
|
|
was made to manipulate 64-bit files on a platform that cannot support
|
|
them; or an option was specified that is supported by the client and
|
|
not by the server.
|
|
<DT id="711"><B>5</B><DD>
|
|
Error starting client-server protocol
|
|
<DT id="712"><B>6</B><DD>
|
|
Daemon unable to append to log-file
|
|
<DT id="713"><B>10</B><DD>
|
|
Error in socket I/O
|
|
<DT id="714"><B>11</B><DD>
|
|
Error in file I/O
|
|
<DT id="715"><B>12</B><DD>
|
|
Error in rsync protocol data stream
|
|
<DT id="716"><B>13</B><DD>
|
|
Errors with program diagnostics
|
|
<DT id="717"><B>14</B><DD>
|
|
Error in IPC code
|
|
<DT id="718"><B>20</B><DD>
|
|
Received SIGUSR1 or SIGINT
|
|
<DT id="719"><B>21</B><DD>
|
|
Some error returned by
|
|
<TT>waitpid()</TT>
|
|
<DT id="720"><B>22</B><DD>
|
|
Error allocating core memory buffers
|
|
<DT id="721"><B>23</B><DD>
|
|
Partial transfer due to error
|
|
<DT id="722"><B>24</B><DD>
|
|
Partial transfer due to vanished source files
|
|
<DT id="723"><B>25</B><DD>
|
|
The --max-delete limit stopped deletions
|
|
<DT id="724"><B>30</B><DD>
|
|
Timeout in data send/receive
|
|
<DT id="725"><B>35</B><DD>
|
|
Timeout waiting for daemon connection
|
|
<P>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbBA"> </A>
|
|
<H2>ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="726"><B>CVSIGNORE</B><DD>
|
|
The CVSIGNORE environment variable supplements any
|
|
ignore patterns in .cvsignore files. See the <B>--cvs-exclude</B> option for
|
|
more details.
|
|
<DT id="727"><B>RSYNC_ICONV</B><DD>
|
|
Specify a default <B>--iconv</B> setting using this
|
|
environment variable. (First supported in 3.0.0.)
|
|
<DT id="728"><B>RSYNC_PROTECT_ARGS</B><DD>
|
|
Specify a non-zero numeric value if you want the
|
|
<B>--protect-args</B> option to be enabled by default, or a zero value to make
|
|
sure that it is disabled by default. (First supported in 3.1.0.)
|
|
<DT id="729"><B>RSYNC_RSH</B><DD>
|
|
The RSYNC_RSH environment variable allows you to
|
|
override the default shell used as the transport for rsync. Command line
|
|
options are permitted after the command name, just as in the <B>-e</B> option.
|
|
<DT id="730"><B>RSYNC_PROXY</B><DD>
|
|
The RSYNC_PROXY environment variable allows you to
|
|
redirect your rsync client to use a web proxy when connecting to a
|
|
rsync daemon. You should set RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair.
|
|
<DT id="731"><B>RSYNC_PASSWORD</B><DD>
|
|
Setting RSYNC_PASSWORD to the required
|
|
password allows you to run authenticated rsync connections to an rsync
|
|
daemon without user intervention. Note that this does not supply a
|
|
password to a remote shell transport such as ssh; to learn how to do that,
|
|
consult the remote shell's documentation.
|
|
<DT id="732"><B>USER</B> or <B>LOGNAME</B><DD>
|
|
The USER or LOGNAME environment variables
|
|
are used to determine the default username sent to an rsync daemon.
|
|
If neither is set, the username defaults to "nobody".
|
|
<DT id="733"><B>HOME</B><DD>
|
|
The HOME environment variable is used to find the user's
|
|
default .cvsignore file.
|
|
<P>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbBB"> </A>
|
|
<H2>FILES</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
/etc/rsyncd.conf or rsyncd.conf
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbBC"> </A>
|
|
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?5+rsyncd.conf">rsyncd.conf</A></B>(5)
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbBD"> </A>
|
|
<H2>BUGS</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
times are transferred as *nix time_t values
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
When transferring to FAT filesystems rsync may re-sync
|
|
unmodified files.
|
|
See the comments on the <B>--modify-window</B> option.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
file permissions, devices, etc. are transferred as native numerical
|
|
values
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
see also the comments on the <B>--delete</B> option
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Please report bugs! See the web site at
|
|
<A HREF="http://rsync.samba.org/">http://rsync.samba.org/</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbBE"> </A>
|
|
<H2>VERSION</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
This man page is current for version 3.1.3 of rsync.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbBF"> </A>
|
|
<H2>INTERNAL OPTIONS</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The options <B>--server</B> and <B>--sender</B> are used internally by rsync,
|
|
and should never be typed by a user under normal circumstances. Some
|
|
awareness of these options may be needed in certain scenarios, such as
|
|
when setting up a login that can only run an rsync command. For instance,
|
|
the support directory of the rsync distribution has an example script
|
|
named rrsync (for restricted rsync) that can be used with a restricted
|
|
ssh login.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbBG"> </A>
|
|
<H2>CREDITS</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
rsync is distributed under the GNU General Public License. See the file
|
|
COPYING for details.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
A WEB site is available at
|
|
<A HREF="http://rsync.samba.org/.">http://rsync.samba.org/.</A> The site
|
|
includes an FAQ-O-Matic which may cover questions unanswered by this
|
|
manual page.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The primary ftp site for rsync is
|
|
<A HREF="ftp://rsync.samba.org/pub/rsync.">ftp://rsync.samba.org/pub/rsync.</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
We would be delighted to hear from you if you like this program.
|
|
Please contact the mailing-list at <A HREF="mailto:rsync@lists.samba.org">rsync@lists.samba.org</A>.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
This program uses the excellent zlib compression library written by
|
|
Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbBH"> </A>
|
|
<H2>THANKS</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Special thanks go out to: John Van Essen, Matt McCutchen, Wesley W. Terpstra,
|
|
David Dykstra, Jos Backus, Sebastian Krahmer, Martin Pool, and our
|
|
gone-but-not-forgotten compadre, J.W. Schultz.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Thanks also to Richard Brent, Brendan Mackay, Bill Waite, Stephen Rothwell
|
|
and David Bell. I've probably missed some people, my apologies if I have.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbBI"> </A>
|
|
<H2>AUTHOR</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
rsync was originally written by Andrew Tridgell and Paul Mackerras.
|
|
Many people have later contributed to it. It is currently maintained
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by Wayne Davison.
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<P>
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Mailing lists for support and development are available at
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<A HREF="http://lists.samba.org">http://lists.samba.org</A>
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<P>
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<HR>
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<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
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<DL>
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<DT id="734"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
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<DT id="735"><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
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<DT id="736"><A HREF="#lbAD">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
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<DT id="737"><A HREF="#lbAE">GENERAL</A><DD>
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<DT id="738"><A HREF="#lbAF">SETUP</A><DD>
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<DT id="739"><A HREF="#lbAG">USAGE</A><DD>
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<DT id="740"><A HREF="#lbAH">ADVANCED USAGE</A><DD>
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<DT id="741"><A HREF="#lbAI">CONNECTING TO AN RSYNC DAEMON</A><DD>
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<DT id="742"><A HREF="#lbAJ">USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION</A><DD>
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<DT id="743"><A HREF="#lbAK">STARTING AN RSYNC DAEMON TO ACCEPT CONNECTIONS</A><DD>
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<DT id="744"><A HREF="#lbAL">SORTED TRANSFER ORDER</A><DD>
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<DT id="745"><A HREF="#lbAM">EXAMPLES</A><DD>
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<DT id="746"><A HREF="#lbAN">OPTIONS SUMMARY</A><DD>
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<DT id="747"><A HREF="#lbAO">OPTIONS</A><DD>
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<DT id="748"><A HREF="#lbAP">DAEMON OPTIONS</A><DD>
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<DT id="749"><A HREF="#lbAQ">FILTER RULES</A><DD>
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<DT id="750"><A HREF="#lbAR">INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERN RULES</A><DD>
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<DT id="751"><A HREF="#lbAS">MERGE-FILE FILTER RULES</A><DD>
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<DT id="752"><A HREF="#lbAT">LIST-CLEARING FILTER RULE</A><DD>
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<DT id="753"><A HREF="#lbAU">ANCHORING INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERNS</A><DD>
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<DT id="754"><A HREF="#lbAV">PER-DIRECTORY RULES AND DELETE</A><DD>
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<DT id="755"><A HREF="#lbAW">BATCH MODE</A><DD>
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<DT id="756"><A HREF="#lbAX">SYMBOLIC LINKS</A><DD>
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<DT id="757"><A HREF="#lbAY">DIAGNOSTICS</A><DD>
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<DT id="758"><A HREF="#lbAZ">EXIT VALUES</A><DD>
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<DT id="759"><A HREF="#lbBA">ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</A><DD>
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<DT id="760"><A HREF="#lbBB">FILES</A><DD>
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<DT id="761"><A HREF="#lbBC">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
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<DT id="762"><A HREF="#lbBD">BUGS</A><DD>
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<DT id="763"><A HREF="#lbBE">VERSION</A><DD>
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<DT id="764"><A HREF="#lbBF">INTERNAL OPTIONS</A><DD>
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<DT id="765"><A HREF="#lbBG">CREDITS</A><DD>
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<DT id="766"><A HREF="#lbBH">THANKS</A><DD>
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<DT id="767"><A HREF="#lbBI">AUTHOR</A><DD>
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</DL>
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<HR>
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This document was created by
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
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using the manual pages.<BR>
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Time: 00:05:26 GMT, March 31, 2021
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