798 lines
15 KiB
HTML
798 lines
15 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Man page of TROFF</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY>
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<H1>TROFF</H1>
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Section: User Commands (1)<BR>Updated: 21 March 2020<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
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<A NAME="lbAB"> </A>
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<H2>NAME</H2>
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troff - the troff processor of the groff text formatting system
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<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
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<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
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[ <B>-abcivzCERU</B> ]
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[ <B>-d </B><I>cs</I> ]
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[ <B>-f </B><I>fam</I> ]
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[ <B>-F </B><I>dir</I> ]
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[ <B>-I </B><I>dir</I> ]
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[ <B>-m </B><I>name</I> ]
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[ <B>-M </B><I>dir</I> ]
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[ <B>-n </B><I>num</I> ]
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[ <B>-o </B><I>list</I> ]
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[ <B>-r </B><I>cn</I> ]
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[ <B>-T </B><I>name</I> ]
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[ <B>-w </B><I>name</I> ]
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[ <B>-W </B><I>name</I> ]
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[<I>file</I>
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...]
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<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
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This manual page describes the GNU version of
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<B>troff</B>.
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It is part of the groff document formatting system.
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It is functionally compatible with Unix troff, but has many
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extensions, see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+groff_diff">groff_diff</A></B>(7).
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Usually it should be invoked using the
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+groff">groff</A></B>(1)
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command which will also run preprocessors and postprocessors in the
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appropriate order and with the appropriate options.
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<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
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<H2>OPTIONS</H2>
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Whitespace is permitted between a command-line option and its argument.
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="1"><B>-a</B>
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<DD>
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Generate an ASCII approximation of the typeset output.
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<DT id="2"><B>-b</B>
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<DD>
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Print a backtrace with each warning or error message.
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This backtrace should help track down the cause of the error.
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The line numbers given in the backtrace may not always be correct, for
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<B>troff</B>'s
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idea of line numbers gets confused by
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<B>as</B>
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or
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<B>am</B>
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requests.
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<DT id="3"><B>-c</B>
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<DD>
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Disable color output (always disabled in compatibility mode).
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<DT id="4"><B>-C</B>
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<DD>
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Enable compatibility mode.
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<DT id="5"><B>-d</B><I>cs</I>
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<DD>
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<B>-d</B><I>name</I><B>=</B><I>s</I>
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Define
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<I>c</I>
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or
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<I>name</I>
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to be a string
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<I>s</I>;
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<I>c</I>
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must be a one letter name.
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<DT id="6"><B>-E</B>
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<DD>
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Inhibit all error messages of
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<B>troff</B>.
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Note that this doesn't affect messages output to standard error by
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macro packages using the
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<B>tm</B>
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or
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<B>tm1</B>
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requests.
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<DT id="7"><B>-f</B><I>fam</I>
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<DD>
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Use
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<I>fam</I>
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as the default font family.
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<DT id="8"><B>-F</B><I>dir</I>
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<DD>
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Search in directory (or directory path)
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<I>dir</I>
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for subdirectories
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<I>dev</I>name
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(<I>name</I>
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is the name of the device) and there for the
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<I>DESC</I>
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file and font files.
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<I>dir</I>
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is scanned before all other font directories.
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<DT id="9"><B>-i</B>
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<DD>
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Read the standard input after all the named input files have been
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processed.
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<DT id="10"><B>-I</B><I>dir</I>
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<DD>
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This option may be used to add a directory to the search path for
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files (both those on the command line and those named in
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<B>.psbb</B>
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requests).
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The search path is initialized with the current directory.
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This option may be specified more than once; the directories are then
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searched in the order specified (but before the current directory).
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If you want to make the current directory be read before other
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directories, add
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<B>-I.</B>
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at the appropriate place.
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<DT id="11"><DD>
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No directory search is performed for files with an absolute file name.
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<DT id="12"><B>-m</B><I>name</I>
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<DD>
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Read in the file
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name<I>.tmac</I>.
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If it isn't found, try
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<I>tmac.</I>name
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instead.
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It will be first searched for in directories given with the
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<B>-M</B>
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command-line option, then in directories given in the
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<I>GROFF_TMAC_PATH</I>
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environment variable, then in the current directory (only if in unsafe
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mode), the home directory,
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<I>/usr/:lib/:groff/:site-tmac</I>,
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<I>/usr/:share/:groff/:site-tmac</I>,
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and
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<I>/usr/:share/:groff/:1.22.4/:tmac</I>.
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<DT id="13"><B>-M</B><I>dir</I>
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<DD>
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Search directory (or directory path)
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<I>dir</I>
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for macro files.
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This is scanned before all other macro directories.
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<DT id="14"><B>-n</B><I>num</I>
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<DD>
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Number the first page
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<I>num</I>.
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<DT id="15"><B>-o</B><I>list</I>
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<DD>
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Output only pages in
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<I>list</I>,
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which is a comma-separated list of page ranges;
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<I>n</I>
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means print page
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<I>n</I>,
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<I>m</I><B>-</B><I>n</I>
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means print every page between
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<I>m</I>
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and
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<I>n</I>,
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<B>-</B><I>n</I>
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means print every page up to
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<I>n</I>,
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<I>n</I><B>-</B>
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means print every page from
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<I>n</I>.
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<B>troff</B>
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will exit after printing the last page in the list.
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<DT id="16"><B>-r</B><I>cn</I>
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<DD>
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<B>-r</B><I>name</I><B>=</B><I>n</I>
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Set number register
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<I>c</I>
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or
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<I>name</I>
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to
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<I>n</I>;
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<I>c</I>
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must be a one character name;
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<I>n</I>
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can be any troff numeric expression.
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<DT id="17"><B>-R</B>
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<DD>
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Don't load
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<I>troffrc</I>
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and
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<I>troffrc-end</I>.
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<DT id="18"><B>-T</B><I>name</I>
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<DD>
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Prepare output for device
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<I>name</I>,
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rather than the default
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<B>ps</B>;
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see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+groff">groff</A></B>(1)
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for a more detailed description.
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<DT id="19"><B>-U</B>
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<DD>
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Unsafe mode.
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This will enable the following requests:
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<B>open</B>,
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<B>opena</B>,
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<B>pso</B>,
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<B>sy</B>,
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and
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<B>pi</B>.
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For security reasons, these potentially dangerous requests are
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disabled otherwise.
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It will also add the current directory to the macro search path.
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<DT id="20"><B>-v</B>
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<DD>
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Print the version number.
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<DT id="21"><B>-w</B><I>name</I>
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<DD>
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Enable warning
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<I>name</I>.
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Available warnings are described in section "Warnings" below.
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To enable most useful warnings use
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<B>-w</B>
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<B>all</B>.
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To enable absolutely all warnings use
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<B>-w w</B>
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instead.
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Multiple
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<B>-w</B>
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options are allowed.
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<DT id="22"><B>-W</B><I>name</I>
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<DD>
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Inhibit warning
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<I>name</I>.
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Multiple
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<B>-W</B>
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options are allowed.
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<DT id="23"><B>-z</B>
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<DD>
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Suppress formatted output.
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
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<H2>WARNINGS</H2>
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The warnings that can be given by
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<B>troff</B>
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are divided into the following categories.
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The name associated with each warning is used by the
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<B>-w</B>
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and
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<B>-W</B>
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options; the number is used by the
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<B>warn</B>
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request, and by the
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<B>.warn</B>
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register; it is always a power of 2 to allow bitwise composition.
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<P>
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<CENTER><TABLE BORDER><TR><TD><TABLE>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD ALIGN=center>Bit</TD><TD ALIGN=center>Code</TD><TD ALIGN=center>Warning</TD><TD ALIGN=center>Bit</TD><TD ALIGN=center>Code</TD><TD ALIGN=center>Warning<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD COLSPAN=6><HR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD ALIGN=right>0</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>1</I></TD><TD><B>char</B></TD><TD ALIGN=right>10</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>1024</I></TD><TD><B>reg</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD ALIGN=right>1</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>2</I></TD><TD><B>number</B></TD><TD ALIGN=right>11</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>2048</I></TD><TD><B>tab</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD ALIGN=right>2</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>4</I></TD><TD><B>break</B></TD><TD ALIGN=right>12</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>4096</I></TD><TD><B>right-brace</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD ALIGN=right>3</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>8</I></TD><TD><B>delim</B></TD><TD ALIGN=right>13</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>8192</I></TD><TD><B>missing</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD ALIGN=right>4</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>16</I></TD><TD><B>el</B></TD><TD ALIGN=right>14</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>16384</I></TD><TD><B>input</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD ALIGN=right>5</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>32</I></TD><TD><B>scale</B></TD><TD ALIGN=right>15</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>32768</I></TD><TD><B>escape</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD ALIGN=right>6</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>64</I></TD><TD><B>range</B></TD><TD ALIGN=right>16</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>65536</I></TD><TD><B>space</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD ALIGN=right>7</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>128</I></TD><TD><B>syntax</B></TD><TD ALIGN=right>17</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>131072</I></TD><TD><B>font</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD ALIGN=right>8</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>256</I></TD><TD><B>di</B></TD><TD ALIGN=right>18</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>262144</I></TD><TD><B>ig</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD ALIGN=right>9</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>512</I></TD><TD><B>mac</B></TD><TD ALIGN=right>19</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>524288</I></TD><TD><B>color</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD ALIGN=right></TD><TD ALIGN=right><I></I></TD><TD><B></B></TD><TD ALIGN=right>20</TD><TD ALIGN=right><I>1048576</I></TD><TD><B>file</B><BR></TD></TR>
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</TABLE></TABLE></CENTER>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="24"><B>break</B> 4
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<DD>
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In fill mode, lines which could not be broken so that their length was
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less than the line length.
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This is enabled by default.
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<DT id="25"><B>char</B> 1
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<DD>
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Non-existent characters.
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This is enabled by default.
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<DT id="26"><B>color</B> 524288
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<DD>
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Color-related warnings.
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<DT id="27"><B>delim</B> 8
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<DD>
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Missing or mismatched closing delimiters.
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<DT id="28"><B>di</B> 256
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<DD>
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Use of
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<B>di</B>
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or
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<B>da</B>
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without an argument when there is no current diversion.
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<DT id="29"><B>el</B> 16
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<DD>
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Use of the
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<B>el</B>
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request with no matching
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<B>ie</B>
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request.
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<DT id="30"><B>escape</B> 32768
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<DD>
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Unrecognized escape sequences.
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When an unrecognized escape sequence is encountered, the escape
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character is ignored.
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<DT id="31"><B>file</B> 1048576
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<DD>
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Indicates a missing file for the
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<B>mso</B>
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request.
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Enabled by default.
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<DT id="32"><B>font</B> 131072
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<DD>
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Non-existent fonts.
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This is enabled by default.
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<DT id="33"><B>ig</B> 262144
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<DD>
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Invalid escapes in text ignored with the
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<B>ig</B>
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request.
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These are conditions that are errors when they do not occur in ignored
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text.
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<DT id="34"><B>input</B> 16384
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<DD>
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Invalid input characters.
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<DT id="35"><B>mac</B> 512
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<DD>
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Use of undefined strings, macros and diversions.
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When an undefined string, macro or diversion is used, that string is
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automatically defined as empty.
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So, in most cases, at most one warning will be given for each name.
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<DT id="36"><B>missing</B> 8192
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<DD>
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Requests that are missing non-optional arguments.
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<DT id="37"><B>number</B> 2
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<DD>
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Invalid numeric expressions.
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This is enabled by default.
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<DT id="38"><B>range</B> 64
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<DD>
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Out of range arguments.
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<DT id="39"><B>reg</B> 1024
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<DD>
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Use of undefined number registers.
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When an undefined number register is used, that register is
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automatically defined to have a value of~0.
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So, in most cases, at most one warning will be given for use of a
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particular name.
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<DT id="40"><B>right-brace</B> 4096
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<DD>
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Use of
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<B>\}</B>
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where a number was expected.
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<DT id="41"><B>scale</B> 32
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<DD>
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Meaningless scaling indicators.
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<DT id="42"><B>space</B> 65536
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<DD>
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Missing space between a request or macro and its argument.
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This warning will be given when an undefined name longer than two
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characters is encountered, and the first two characters of the name
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make a defined name.
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The request or macro will not be invoked.
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When this warning is given, no macro is automatically defined.
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This is enabled by default.
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This warning will never occur in compatibility mode.
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<DT id="43"><B>syntax</B> 128
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<DD>
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Dubious syntax in numeric expressions.
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<DT id="44"><B>tab</B> 2048
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<DD>
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Inappropriate use of a tab character.
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Either use of a tab character where a number was expected, or use of tab
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character in an unquoted macro argument.
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</DL>
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<P>
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There are also names that can be used to refer to groups of warnings:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="45"><B>all</B>
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<DD>
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All warnings except
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<B>di</B>,
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<B>mac</B>,
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
<B>reg</B>.
|
|
|
|
It is intended that this covers all warnings that are useful with
|
|
traditional macro packages.
|
|
<DT id="46"><B>w</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
All warnings.
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
|
|
<H2>ENVIRONMENT</H2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="47"><I>GROFF_TMAC_PATH</I>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
A colon separated list of directories in which to search for
|
|
macro files.
|
|
<B>troff</B>
|
|
|
|
will scan directories given in the
|
|
<B>-M</B>
|
|
|
|
option before these, and in standard directories (current directory if
|
|
in unsafe mode, home directory,
|
|
<I>/usr/:lib/:groff/:site-tmac</I>,
|
|
|
|
<I>/usr/:share/:groff/:site-tmac</I>,
|
|
|
|
<I>/usr/:share/:groff/:1.22.4/:tmac</I>)
|
|
|
|
after these.
|
|
<DT id="48"><I>GROFF_TYPESETTER</I>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Default device.
|
|
<DT id="49"><I>GROFF_FONT_PATH</I>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
A colon separated list of directories in which to search for the
|
|
<I>dev</I>name
|
|
|
|
directory.
|
|
<B>troff</B>
|
|
|
|
will scan directories given in the
|
|
<B>-F</B>
|
|
|
|
option before these, and in standard directories
|
|
(<I>/usr/:share/:groff/:site-font</I>,
|
|
|
|
<I>/usr/:share/:groff/:1.22.4/:font</I>,
|
|
|
|
<I>/usr/:lib/:font</I>)
|
|
|
|
after these.
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<A NAME="lbAH"> </A>
|
|
<H2>FILES</H2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="50"><I>/usr/:share/:groff/:1.22.4/:tmac/troffrc</I>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Initialization file (called before any other macro package).
|
|
<DT id="51"><I>/usr/:share/:groff/:1.22.4/:tmac/troffrc-end</I>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Initialization file (called after any other macro package).
|
|
<DT id="52"><I>/usr/:share/:groff/:1.22.4/:tmac/</I>name<I>.tmac</I>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
|
|
<I>/usr/:share/:groff/:1.22.4/:tmac/tmac.</I>name
|
|
|
|
Macro files
|
|
<DT id="53"><I>/usr/:share/:groff/:1.22.4/:font/dev</I>name<I>/DESC</I>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Device description file for device
|
|
<I>name</I>.
|
|
|
|
<DT id="54"><I>/usr/:share/:groff/:1.22.4/:font/dev</I>name<I>/</I>F
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Font file for font
|
|
<I>F</I>
|
|
|
|
of device
|
|
<I>name</I>.
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Note that
|
|
<I>troffrc</I>
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
<I>troffrc-end</I>
|
|
|
|
are searched for neither in the current nor the home directory by
|
|
default for security reasons (even if the
|
|
<B>-U</B>
|
|
|
|
option is given).
|
|
Use the
|
|
<B>-M</B>
|
|
|
|
command-line option or the
|
|
<I>GROFF_TMAC_PATH</I>
|
|
|
|
environment variable to add these directories to the search path if
|
|
necessary.
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAI"> </A>
|
|
<H2>AUTHORS</H2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
The GNU version of
|
|
<I>troff</I>
|
|
|
|
was originally written by James Clark;
|
|
he also wrote the original version of this document,
|
|
which was modified by
|
|
|
|
Werner Lemberg
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
Bernd Warken
|
|
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAJ"> </A>
|
|
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="55"><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+groff">groff</A></B>(1)
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
The main program of the
|
|
<I>groff</I>
|
|
|
|
system, a wrapper around
|
|
<I>troff</I>.
|
|
|
|
<DT id="56"><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+groff">groff</A></B>(7)
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
A description of the
|
|
<I>groff</I>
|
|
|
|
language, including a short but complete reference of all predefined
|
|
requests, registers, and escapes of plain
|
|
<I>groff</I>.
|
|
|
|
From the command line, this is called by
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="57"><DD>
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="58"><DD>
|
|
<B>man 7 groff</B>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<DT id="59"><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+groff_diff">groff_diff</A></B>(7)
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
The differences of the
|
|
<I>groff</I>
|
|
|
|
language and the
|
|
<I>classical troff</I>
|
|
|
|
language.
|
|
Currently, this is the most actual document of the
|
|
<I>groff</I>
|
|
|
|
system.
|
|
<DT id="60"><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+roff">roff</A></B>(7)
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
An overview over
|
|
<I>groff</I>
|
|
|
|
and other
|
|
<I>roff</I>
|
|
|
|
systems, including pointers to further related documentation.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<I>Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff</I>,
|
|
|
|
by Trent A. Fisher and Werner Lemberg,
|
|
is the primary
|
|
<I>groff</I>
|
|
|
|
manual.
|
|
You can browse it interactively with "info groff".
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<HR>
|
|
<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="61"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="62"><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="63"><A HREF="#lbAD">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="64"><A HREF="#lbAE">OPTIONS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="65"><A HREF="#lbAF">WARNINGS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="66"><A HREF="#lbAG">ENVIRONMENT</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="67"><A HREF="#lbAH">FILES</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="68"><A HREF="#lbAI">AUTHORS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="69"><A HREF="#lbAJ">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
This document was created by
|
|
<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
|
|
using the manual pages.<BR>
|
|
Time: 00:05:28 GMT, March 31, 2021
|
|
</BODY>
|
|
</HTML>
|