654 lines
18 KiB
HTML
654 lines
18 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Man page of update-alternatives</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY>
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<H1>update-alternatives</H1>
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Section: dpkg suite (1)<BR>Updated: 2020-03-23<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
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<A NAME="lbAB"> </A>
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<H2>NAME</H2>
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update-alternatives - maintain symbolic links determining default commands
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<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
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<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
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<B>update-alternatives</B>
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[<I>option</I>...] <I>command</I>
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<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
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<B>update-alternatives</B>
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creates, removes, maintains and displays information about the symbolic
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links comprising the Debian alternatives system.
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<P>
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It is possible for several programs fulfilling the same or similar
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functions to be installed on a single system at the same time.
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For example, many systems have several text editors installed at once.
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This gives choice to the users of a system, allowing each to use a
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different editor, if desired, but makes it difficult for a program
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to make a good choice for an editor to invoke if the
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user has not specified a particular preference.
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<P>
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Debian's alternatives system aims to solve this problem.
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A generic name in the filesystem is
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shared by all files providing interchangeable functionality.
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The alternatives system and the system administrator
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together determine which actual file is referenced by this generic name.
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For example, if the text editors
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+ed">ed</A></B>(1)
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+nvi">nvi</A></B>(1)
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are both installed on the system, the alternatives system will cause
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the generic name
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<I>/usr/bin/editor</I>
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to refer to
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<I>/usr/bin/nvi</I>
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by default. The system administrator can override this and cause
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it
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to refer to
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<I>/usr/bin/ed</I>
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instead,
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and the alternatives system will not alter this setting until explicitly
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requested to do so.
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<P>
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The generic name is not a direct symbolic link to the selected alternative.
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Instead, it is a symbolic link to a name in the
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<I>alternatives</I>
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<I>directory</I>,
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which in turn is a symbolic link to the actual file referenced.
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This is done so that the system administrator's changes can be confined
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within the
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<I>/etc</I>
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directory: the FHS (q.v.) gives reasons why this is a Good Thing.
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<P>
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When each package
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providing a file with a particular functionality is
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installed, changed or removed,
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<B>update-alternatives</B>
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is called to update information about that file in the alternatives system.
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<B>update-alternatives</B>
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is usually called from the
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<B>postinst</B>
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(configure) or
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<B>prerm</B>
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(remove and deconfigure) scripts in Debian packages.
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<P>
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It is often useful for a number of alternatives to be synchronized,
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so that they are changed as a group; for example, when several versions
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of the
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+vi">vi</A></B>(1)
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editor are installed, the man page referenced by
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<I>/usr/share/man/man1/vi.1</I>
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should correspond to the executable referenced by
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<I>/usr/bin/vi</I>.
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<B>update-alternatives</B>
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handles this by means of
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<I>master</I>
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and
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<I>slave</I>
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links; when the master is changed, any associated slaves are changed
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too.
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A master link and its associated slaves make up a
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<I>link</I>
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<I>group</I>.
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<P>
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Each link group is, at any given time,
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in one of two modes: automatic or manual.
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When a group is in automatic mode, the alternatives system will
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automatically decide, as packages are installed and removed,
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whether and how to update the links.
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In manual mode, the alternatives system will retain the choice of
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the administrator and avoid changing the links (except when something is
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broken).
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<P>
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Link groups are in automatic mode when they are first introduced to
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the system.
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If the system administrator makes changes to the system's
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automatic settings,
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this will be noticed the next time
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<B>update-alternatives</B>
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is run on the changed link's group,
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and the group will automatically be switched to manual mode.
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<P>
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Each alternative has a
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<I>priority</I>
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associated with it.
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When a link group is in automatic mode,
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the alternatives pointed to by members of the group
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will be those which have the highest priority.
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<P>
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When using the
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<B>--config</B>
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option,
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<B>update-alternatives</B>
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will list all of the choices for the link group
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of which given
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<I>name</I>
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is the master alternative name.
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The current choice is marked with a '*'.
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You will then be prompted for your choice regarding this link group.
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Depending on the choice made, the link group might no longer be in
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<I>auto</I>
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mode. You will need to use the
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<B>--auto</B>
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option in order to return to the automatic mode (or you can rerun
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<B>--config</B>
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and select the entry marked as automatic).
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<P>
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If you want to configure non-interactively you can use the
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<B>--set</B>
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option instead (see below).
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<P>
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Different packages providing the same file need to do so
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<B>cooperatively</B>.
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In other words, the usage of
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<B>update-alternatives</B>
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is
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<B>mandatory</B>
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for all involved packages in such case. It is not possible to
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override some file in a package that does not employ the
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<B>update-alternatives</B>
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mechanism.
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<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
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<H2>TERMINOLOGY</H2>
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Since the activities of
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<B>update-alternatives</B>
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are quite involved, some specific terms will help to explain its
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operation.
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="1">generic name (or alternative link)<DD>
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A name, like
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<I>/usr/bin/editor</I>,
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which refers, via the alternatives system, to one of a number of
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files of similar function.
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<DT id="2">alternative name<DD>
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The name of a symbolic link in the alternatives directory.
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<DT id="3">alternative (or alternative path)<DD>
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The name of a specific file in the filesystem, which may be made
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accessible via a generic name using the alternatives system.
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<DT id="4">alternatives directory<DD>
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A directory, by default
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<I>/etc/alternatives</I>,
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containing the symlinks.
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<DT id="5">administrative directory<DD>
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A directory, by default
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<I>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives</I>,
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containing
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<B>update-alternatives</B>'
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state information.
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<DT id="6">link group<DD>
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A set of related symlinks, intended to be updated as a group.
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<DT id="7">master link<DD>
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The alternative link in a link group which determines how the other links in the
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group are configured.
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<DT id="8">slave link<DD>
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An alternative link in a link group which is controlled by the setting of
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the master link.
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<DT id="9">automatic mode<DD>
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When a link group is in automatic mode,
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the alternatives system ensures that the links in the group
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point to the highest priority alternative
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appropriate for the group.
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<DT id="10">manual mode<DD>
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When a link group is in manual mode,
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the alternatives system will not make any changes
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to the system administrator's settings.
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
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<H2>COMMANDS</H2>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="11"><B>--install</B> <I>link name path priority</I> [<B>--slave</B> <I>link name path</I>]...<DD>
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Add a group of alternatives to the system.
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<I>link</I>
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is the generic name for the master link,
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<I>name</I>
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is the name of its symlink in the alternatives directory, and
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<I>path</I>
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is the alternative being introduced for the master link.
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The arguments after <B>--slave</B> are the generic name, symlink name in the
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alternatives directory and the alternative path for a slave link.
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Zero or more
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<B>--slave</B>
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options, each followed by three arguments,
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may be specified. Note that the master alternative must exist or the call
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will fail. However if a slave alternative doesn't exist, the corresponding
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slave alternative link will simply not be installed (a warning will still
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be displayed). If some real file is installed where an alternative link
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has to be installed, it is kept unless <B>--force</B> is used.
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<DT id="12"><DD>
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If the alternative name specified exists already
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in the alternatives system's records,
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the information supplied will be added as a new
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set of alternatives for the group.
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Otherwise, a new group, set to automatic mode,
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will be added with this information.
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If the group is in automatic mode,
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and the newly added alternatives' priority is higher than
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any other installed alternatives for this group,
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the symlinks will be updated to point to the newly added alternatives.
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<DT id="13"><B>--set</B> <I>name path</I><DD>
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Set the program
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<I>path</I>
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as alternative for
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<I>name.</I>
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This is equivalent to
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<B>--config</B>
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but is non-interactive and thus scriptable.
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<DT id="14"><B>--remove</B> <I>name path</I><DD>
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Remove an alternative and all of its associated slave links.
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<I>name</I>
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is a name in the alternatives directory, and
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<I>path</I>
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is an absolute filename to which
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<I>name</I>
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could be linked. If
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<I>name</I>
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is indeed linked to
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<I>path</I>,
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<I>name</I>
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will be updated to point to another appropriate alternative
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(and the group is put back in automatic mode), or
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removed if there is no such alternative left.
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Associated slave links will be updated or removed, correspondingly.
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If the link is not currently pointing to
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<I>path</I>,
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no links are changed;
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only the information about the alternative is removed.
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<DT id="15"><B>--remove-all</B> <I>name</I><DD>
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Remove all alternatives and all of their associated slave links.
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<I>name</I>
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is a name in the alternatives directory.
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<DT id="16"><B>--all</B>
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<DD>
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Call <B>--config</B> on all alternatives. It can be usefully combined with
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<B>--skip-auto</B> to review and configure all alternatives which are
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not configured in automatic mode. Broken alternatives are also displayed.
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Thus a simple way to fix all broken alternatives is to call
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<B>yes '' | update-alternatives --force --all</B>.
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<DT id="17"><B>--auto</B> <I>name</I><DD>
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Switch the link group behind the alternative for
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<I>name</I>
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to automatic mode.
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In the process, the master symlink and its slaves are updated
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to point to the highest priority installed alternatives.
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<DT id="18"><B>--display</B> <I>name</I><DD>
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Display information about the link group.
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Information displayed includes the group's mode
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(auto or manual),
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the master and slave links,
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which alternative the master link currently points to,
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what other alternatives are available
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(and their corresponding slave alternatives),
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and the highest priority alternative currently installed.
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<DT id="19"><B>--get-selections</B><DD>
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List all master alternative names (those controlling a link group)
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and their status (since version 1.15.0).
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Each line contains up to 3 fields (separated by
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one or more spaces). The first field is the alternative name, the second
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one is the status (either <B>auto</B> or <B>manual</B>), and the last one contains
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the current choice in the alternative (beware: it's a filename and thus
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might contain spaces).
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<DT id="20"><B>--set-selections</B><DD>
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Read configuration of alternatives on standard input in the format
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generated by <B>--get-selections</B> and reconfigure
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them accordingly (since version 1.15.0).
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<DT id="21"><B>--query</B> <I>name</I><DD>
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Display information about the link group
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like <B>--display</B> does, but in a machine parseable way
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(since version 1.15.0, see section <B>QUERY FORMAT</B> below).
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<DT id="22"><B>--list</B> <I>name</I><DD>
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Display all targets of the link group.
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<DT id="23"><B>--config</B> <I>name</I><DD>
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Show available alternatives for a link group and allow the user to
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interactively select which one to use. The link group is updated.
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<DT id="24"><B>--help</B>
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<DD>
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Show the usage message and exit.
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<DT id="25"><B>--version</B>
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<DD>
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Show the version and exit.
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
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<H2>OPTIONS</H2>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="26"><B>--altdir</B><I> directory</I>
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<DD>
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Specifies the alternatives directory, when this is to be
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different from the default.
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<DT id="27"><B>--admindir</B><I> directory</I>
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<DD>
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Specifies the administrative directory, when this is to be
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different from the default.
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<DT id="28"><B>--log</B><I> file</I>
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<DD>
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Specifies the log file (since version 1.15.0), when this is to be different
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from the default (/var/log/alternatives.log).
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<DT id="29"><B>--force</B>
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<DD>
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Allow replacing or dropping any real file that is installed
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where an alternative link has to be installed or removed.
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<DT id="30"><B>--skip-auto</B>
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<DD>
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Skip configuration prompt for alternatives which are properly configured
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in automatic mode. This option is only relevant with <B>--config</B> or
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<B>--all</B>.
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<DT id="31"><B>--quiet</B>
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<DD>
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Do not generate any comments unless errors occur.
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<DT id="32"><B>--verbose</B>
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<DD>
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Generate more comments about what is being done.
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<DT id="33"><B>--debug</B>
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<DD>
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Generate even more comments, helpful for debugging, about what is being done
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(since version 1.19.3).
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAH"> </A>
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<H2>EXIT STATUS</H2>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="34"><B>0</B>
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<DD>
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The requested action was successfully performed.
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<DT id="35"><B>2</B>
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<DD>
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Problems were encountered whilst parsing the command line
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or performing the action.
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAI"> </A>
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<H2>ENVIRONMENT</H2>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="36"><B>DPKG_ADMINDIR</B>
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<DD>
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If set and the <B>--admindir</B> option has not been specified, it will
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be used as the base administrative directory.
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAJ"> </A>
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<H2>FILES</H2>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="37"><I>/etc/alternatives/</I>
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<DD>
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The default alternatives directory.
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Can be overridden by the
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<B>--altdir</B>
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option.
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<DT id="38"><I>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</I>
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<DD>
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The default administration directory.
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Can be overridden by the
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<B>--admindir</B>
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option.
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAK"> </A>
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<H2>QUERY FORMAT</H2>
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The <B>--query</B> format is using an
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RFC822-like flat format. It's made of <I>n</I> + 1 blocks where <I>n</I> is
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the number of alternatives available in the queried link group. The first
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block contains the following fields:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="39"><B>Name:</B><I> name</I>
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<DD>
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The alternative name in the alternative directory.
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<DT id="40"><B>Link:</B><I> link</I>
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<DD>
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The generic name of the alternative.
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<DT id="41"><B>Slaves:</B><I> list-of-slaves</I>
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<DD>
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When this field is present, the <B>next</B> lines hold all slave links
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associated to the master link of the alternative. There is one slave per
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line. Each line contains one space, the generic name of the slave
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alternative, another space, and the path to the slave link.
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<DT id="42"><B>Status:</B><I> status</I>
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<DD>
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The status of the alternative (<B>auto</B> or <B>manual</B>).
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<DT id="43"><B>Best:</B><I> best-choice</I>
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<DD>
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The path of the best alternative for this link group. Not present if
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there is no alternatives available.
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<DT id="44"><B>Value:</B><I> currently-selected-alternative</I>
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<DD>
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The path of the currently selected alternative. It can also take the magic
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value <B>none</B>. It is used if the link doesn't exist.
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</DL>
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<P>
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The other blocks describe the available alternatives in the queried link group:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="45"><B>Alternative:</B><I> path-of-this-alternative</I>
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<DD>
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Path to this block's alternative.
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<DT id="46"><B>Priority:</B><I> priority-value</I>
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<DD>
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Value of the priority of this alternative.
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<DT id="47"><B>Slaves:</B><I> list-of-slaves</I>
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<DD>
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When this field is present, the <B>next</B> lines hold all slave alternatives
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associated to the master link of the alternative. There is one slave per
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|
line. Each line contains one space, the generic name of the slave
|
|
alternative, another space, and the path to the slave alternative.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<A NAME="lbAL"> </A>
|
|
<H3>Example</H3>
|
|
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
$ update-alternatives --query editor
|
|
Name: editor
|
|
Link: /usr/bin/editor
|
|
Slaves:
|
|
editor.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/editor.1.gz
|
|
editor.fr.1.gz /usr/share/man/fr/man1/editor.1.gz
|
|
editor.it.1.gz /usr/share/man/it/man1/editor.1.gz
|
|
editor.pl.1.gz /usr/share/man/pl/man1/editor.1.gz
|
|
editor.ru.1.gz /usr/share/man/ru/man1/editor.1.gz
|
|
Status: auto
|
|
Best: /usr/bin/vim.basic
|
|
Value: /usr/bin/vim.basic
|
|
|
|
Alternative: /bin/ed
|
|
Priority: -100
|
|
Slaves:
|
|
editor.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/ed.1.gz
|
|
|
|
Alternative: /usr/bin/vim.basic
|
|
Priority: 50
|
|
Slaves:
|
|
editor.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/vim.1.gz
|
|
editor.fr.1.gz /usr/share/man/fr/man1/vim.1.gz
|
|
editor.it.1.gz /usr/share/man/it/man1/vim.1.gz
|
|
editor.pl.1.gz /usr/share/man/pl/man1/vim.1.gz
|
|
editor.ru.1.gz /usr/share/man/ru/man1/vim.1.gz
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAM"> </A>
|
|
<H2>DIAGNOSTICS</H2>
|
|
|
|
With <B>--verbose</B>
|
|
<B>update-alternatives</B>
|
|
|
|
chatters incessantly about its activities on its standard output channel.
|
|
If problems occur,
|
|
<B>update-alternatives</B>
|
|
|
|
outputs error messages on its standard error channel and
|
|
returns an exit status of 2.
|
|
These diagnostics should be self-explanatory;
|
|
if you do not find them so, please report this as a bug.
|
|
<A NAME="lbAN"> </A>
|
|
<H2>EXAMPLES</H2>
|
|
|
|
There are several packages which provide a text editor compatible
|
|
with <B>vi</B>, for example <B>nvi</B> and <B>vim</B>. Which one is used
|
|
is controlled by the link group <B>vi</B>, which includes links for the
|
|
program itself and the associated manpage.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
To display the available packages which provide <B>vi</B> and the current
|
|
setting for it, use the <B>--display</B> action:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="48"><DD>
|
|
<B>update-alternatives --display vi</B>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
To choose a particular <B>vi</B> implementation, use this command as root
|
|
and then select a number from the list:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="49"><DD>
|
|
<B>update-alternatives --config vi</B>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
To go back to having the <B>vi</B> implementation chosen automatically, do
|
|
this as root:
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT><DT id="50"><DD>
|
|
<B>update-alternatives --auto vi</B>
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAO"> </A>
|
|
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+ln">ln</A></B>(1),
|
|
|
|
FHS, the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<HR>
|
|
<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="51"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="52"><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="53"><A HREF="#lbAD">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="54"><A HREF="#lbAE">TERMINOLOGY</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="55"><A HREF="#lbAF">COMMANDS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="56"><A HREF="#lbAG">OPTIONS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="57"><A HREF="#lbAH">EXIT STATUS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="58"><A HREF="#lbAI">ENVIRONMENT</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="59"><A HREF="#lbAJ">FILES</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="60"><A HREF="#lbAK">QUERY FORMAT</A><DD>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="61"><A HREF="#lbAL">Example</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<DT id="62"><A HREF="#lbAM">DIAGNOSTICS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="63"><A HREF="#lbAN">EXAMPLES</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="64"><A HREF="#lbAO">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
This document was created by
|
|
<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
|
|
using the manual pages.<BR>
|
|
Time: 00:05:29 GMT, March 31, 2021
|
|
</BODY>
|
|
</HTML>
|