722 lines
16 KiB
HTML
722 lines
16 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Man page of CHOWN</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY>
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<H1>CHOWN</H1>
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Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (2)<BR>Updated: 2019-03-06<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
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<A NAME="lbAB"> </A>
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<H2>NAME</H2>
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chown, fchown, lchown, fchownat - change ownership of a file
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<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
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<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
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<PRE>
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<B>#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/unistd.h">unistd.h</A>></B>
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<B>int chown(const char *</B><I>pathname</I><B>, uid_t </B><I>owner</I><B>, gid_t </B><I>group</I><B>);</B>
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<B>int fchown(int </B><I>fd</I><B>, uid_t </B><I>owner</I><B>, gid_t </B><I>group</I><B>);</B>
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<B>int lchown(const char *</B><I>pathname</I><B>, uid_t </B><I>owner</I><B>, gid_t </B><I>group</I><B>);</B>
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<B>#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/fcntl.h">fcntl.h</A>> </B>/* Definition of AT_* constants */
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<B>#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/unistd.h">unistd.h</A>></B>
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<B>int fchownat(int </B><I>dirfd</I><B>, const char *</B><I>pathname</I><B>,</B>
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<B> uid_t </B><I>owner</I><B>, gid_t </B><I>group</I><B>, int </B><I>flags</I><B>);</B>
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</PRE>
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<P>
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Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+feature_test_macros">feature_test_macros</A></B>(7)):
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<P>
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<B>fchown</B>(),
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<B>lchown</B>():
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="1"><DD>
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/* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L
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<BR> || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500
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<BR> || /* Glibc versions <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE
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</DL>
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<P>
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<B>fchownat</B>():
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="2"><DD>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="3">Since glibc 2.10:<DD>
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_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L
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<DT id="4">Before glibc 2.10:<DD>
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_ATFILE_SOURCE
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</DL>
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
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These system calls change the owner and group of a file.
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The
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<B>chown</B>(),
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<B>fchown</B>(),
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and
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<B>lchown</B>()
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system calls differ only in how the file is specified:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="5">*<DD>
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<B>chown</B>()
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changes the ownership of the file specified by
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<I>pathname</I>,
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which is dereferenced if it is a symbolic link.
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<DT id="6">*<DD>
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<B>fchown</B>()
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changes the ownership of the file referred to by the open file descriptor
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<I>fd</I>.
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<DT id="7">*<DD>
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<B>lchown</B>()
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is like
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<B>chown</B>(),
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but does not dereference symbolic links.
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</DL>
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<P>
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Only a privileged process (Linux: one with the
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<B>CAP_CHOWN</B>
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capability) may change the owner of a file.
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The owner of a file may change the group of the file
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to any group of which that owner is a member.
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A privileged process (Linux: with
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<B>CAP_CHOWN</B>)
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may change the group arbitrarily.
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<P>
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If the
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<I>owner</I>
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or
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<I>group</I>
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is specified as -1, then that ID is not changed.
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<P>
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When the owner or group of an executable file is
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changed by an unprivileged user, the
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<B>S_ISUID</B>
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and
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<B>S_ISGID</B>
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mode bits are cleared.
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POSIX does not specify whether
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this also should happen when root does the
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<B>chown</B>();
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the Linux behavior depends on the kernel version,
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and since Linux 2.2.13, root is treated like other users.
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In case of a non-group-executable file (i.e., one for which the
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<B>S_IXGRP</B>
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bit is not set) the
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<B>S_ISGID</B>
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bit indicates mandatory locking, and is not cleared by a
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<B>chown</B>().
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<P>
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When the owner or group of an executable file is changed (by any user),
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all capability sets for the file are cleared.
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<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
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<H3>fchownat()</H3>
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The
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<B>fchownat</B>()
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system call operates in exactly the same way as
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<B>chown</B>(),
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except for the differences described here.
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<P>
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If the pathname given in
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<I>pathname</I>
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is relative, then it is interpreted relative to the directory
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referred to by the file descriptor
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<I>dirfd</I>
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(rather than relative to the current working directory of
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the calling process, as is done by
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<B>chown</B>()
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for a relative pathname).
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<P>
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If
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<I>pathname</I>
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is relative and
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<I>dirfd</I>
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is the special value
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<B>AT_FDCWD</B>,
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then
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<I>pathname</I>
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is interpreted relative to the current working
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directory of the calling process (like
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<B>chown</B>()).
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<P>
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If
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<I>pathname</I>
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is absolute, then
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<I>dirfd</I>
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is ignored.
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<P>
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The
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<I>flags</I>
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argument is a bit mask created by ORing together
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0 or more of the following values;
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="8"><B>AT_EMPTY_PATH</B> (since Linux 2.6.39)
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<DD>
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If
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<I>pathname</I>
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is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by
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<I>dirfd</I>
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(which may have been obtained using the
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+open">open</A></B>(2)
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<B>O_PATH</B>
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flag).
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In this case,
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<I>dirfd</I>
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can refer to any type of file, not just a directory.
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If
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<I>dirfd</I>
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is
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<B>AT_FDCWD</B>,
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the call operates on the current working directory.
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This flag is Linux-specific; define
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<B>_GNU_SOURCE</B>
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to obtain its definition.
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<DT id="9"><B>AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW</B>
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<DD>
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If
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<I>pathname</I>
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is a symbolic link, do not dereference it:
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instead operate on the link itself, like
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<B>lchown</B>().
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(By default,
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<B>fchownat</B>()
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dereferences symbolic links, like
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<B>chown</B>().)
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</DL>
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<P>
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See
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+openat">openat</A></B>(2)
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for an explanation of the need for
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<B>fchownat</B>().
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<A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
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<H2>RETURN VALUE</H2>
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On success, zero is returned.
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On error, -1 is returned, and
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<I>errno</I>
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is set appropriately.
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<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
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<H2>ERRORS</H2>
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Depending on the filesystem,
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errors other than those listed below can be returned.
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<P>
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The more general errors for
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<B>chown</B>()
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are listed below.
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="10"><B>EACCES</B>
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<DD>
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Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix.
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(See also
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+path_resolution">path_resolution</A></B>(7).)
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<DT id="11"><B>EFAULT</B>
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<DD>
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<I>pathname</I>
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points outside your accessible address space.
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<DT id="12"><B>ELOOP</B>
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<DD>
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Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving
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<I>pathname</I>.
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<DT id="13"><B>ENAMETOOLONG</B>
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<DD>
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<I>pathname</I>
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is too long.
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<DT id="14"><B>ENOENT</B>
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<DD>
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The file does not exist.
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<DT id="15"><B>ENOMEM</B>
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<DD>
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Insufficient kernel memory was available.
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<DT id="16"><B>ENOTDIR</B>
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<DD>
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A component of the path prefix is not a directory.
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<DT id="17"><B>EPERM</B>
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<DD>
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The calling process did not have the required permissions
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(see above) to change owner and/or group.
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<DT id="18"><B>EPERM</B>
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<DD>
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The file is marked immutable or append-only.
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(See
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+ioctl_iflags">ioctl_iflags</A></B>(2).)
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<DT id="19"><B>EROFS</B>
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<DD>
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The named file resides on a read-only filesystem.
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</DL>
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<P>
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The general errors for
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<B>fchown</B>()
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are listed below:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="20"><B>EBADF</B>
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<DD>
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<I>fd</I>
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is not a valid open file descriptor.
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<DT id="21"><B>EIO</B>
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<DD>
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A low-level I/O error occurred while modifying the inode.
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<DT id="22"><B>ENOENT</B>
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<DD>
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See above.
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<DT id="23"><B>EPERM</B>
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<DD>
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See above.
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<DT id="24"><B>EROFS</B>
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<DD>
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See above.
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</DL>
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<P>
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The same errors that occur for
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<B>chown</B>()
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can also occur for
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<B>fchownat</B>().
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The following additional errors can occur for
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<B>fchownat</B>():
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="25"><B>EBADF</B>
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<DD>
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<I>dirfd</I>
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is not a valid file descriptor.
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<DT id="26"><B>EINVAL</B>
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<DD>
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Invalid flag specified in
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<I>flags</I>.
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<DT id="27"><B>ENOTDIR</B>
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<DD>
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<I>pathname</I>
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is relative and
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<I>dirfd</I>
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is a file descriptor referring to a file other than a directory.
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAH"> </A>
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<H2>VERSIONS</H2>
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<B>fchownat</B>()
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was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16;
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library support was added to glibc in version 2.4.
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<A NAME="lbAI"> </A>
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<H2>CONFORMING TO</H2>
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<B>chown</B>(),
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<B>fchown</B>(),
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<B>lchown</B>():
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4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
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<P>
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The 4.4BSD version can be
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used only by the superuser (that is, ordinary users cannot give away files).
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<P>
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<B>fchownat</B>():
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POSIX.1-2008.
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<A NAME="lbAJ"> </A>
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<H2>NOTES</H2>
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<A NAME="lbAK"> </A>
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<H3>Ownership of new files</H3>
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When a new file is created (by, for example,
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+open">open</A></B>(2)
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or
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+mkdir">mkdir</A></B>(2)),
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its owner is made the same as the filesystem user ID of the
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creating process.
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The group of the file depends on a range of factors,
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including the type of filesystem,
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the options used to mount the filesystem,
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and whether or not the set-group-ID mode bit is enabled
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on the parent directory.
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If the filesystem supports the
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<B>-o grpid</B>
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(or, synonymously
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<B>-o bsdgroups</B>)
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and
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<B>-o nogrpid</B>
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(or, synonymously
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<B>-o sysvgroups</B>)
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?8+mount">mount</A></B>(8)
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options, then the rules are as follows:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="28">*<DD>
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If the filesystem is mounted with
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<B>-o grpid</B>,
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then the group of a new file is made
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the same as that of the parent directory.
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<DT id="29">*<DD>
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If the filesystem is mounted with
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<B>-o nogrpid</B>
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and the set-group-ID bit is disabled on the parent directory,
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then the group of a new file is made the same as the
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process's filesystem GID.
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<DT id="30">*<DD>
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If the filesystem is mounted with
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<B>-o nogrpid</B>
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and the set-group-ID bit is enabled on the parent directory,
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then the group of a new file is made
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the same as that of the parent directory.
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</DL>
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<P>
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As at Linux 4.12,
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the
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<B>-o grpid</B>
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and
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<B>-o nogrpid</B>
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mount options are supported by ext2, ext3, ext4, and XFS.
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Filesystems that don't support these mount options follow the
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<B>-o nogrpid</B>
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rules.
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<A NAME="lbAL"> </A>
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<H3>Glibc notes</H3>
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On older kernels where
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<B>fchownat</B>()
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is unavailable, the glibc wrapper function falls back to the use of
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<B>chown</B>()
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and
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<B>lchown</B>().
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When
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<I>pathname</I>
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is a relative pathname,
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glibc constructs a pathname based on the symbolic link in
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<I>/proc/self/fd</I>
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that corresponds to the
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<I>dirfd</I>
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argument.
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<A NAME="lbAM"> </A>
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<H3>NFS</H3>
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The
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<B>chown</B>()
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semantics are deliberately violated on NFS filesystems
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which have UID mapping enabled.
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Additionally, the semantics of all system
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calls which access the file contents are violated, because
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<B>chown</B>()
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may cause immediate access revocation on already open files.
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Client side
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caching may lead to a delay between the time where ownership have
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been changed to allow access for a user and the time where the file can
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actually be accessed by the user on other clients.
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<A NAME="lbAN"> </A>
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<H3>Historical details</H3>
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The original Linux
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<B>chown</B>(),
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<B>fchown</B>(),
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and
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<B>lchown</B>()
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system calls supported only 16-bit user and group IDs.
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Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added
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<B>chown32</B>(),
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<B>fchown32</B>(),
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and
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<B>lchown32</B>(),
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supporting 32-bit IDs.
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The glibc
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<B>chown</B>(),
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<B>fchown</B>(),
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and
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<B>lchown</B>()
|
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wrapper functions transparently deal with the variations across kernel versions.
|
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<P>
|
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|
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In versions of Linux prior to 2.1.81 (and distinct from 2.1.46),
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<B>chown</B>()
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did not follow symbolic links.
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Since Linux 2.1.81,
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<B>chown</B>()
|
|
|
|
does follow symbolic links, and there is a new system call
|
|
<B>lchown</B>()
|
|
|
|
that does not follow symbolic links.
|
|
Since Linux 2.1.86, this new call (that has the same semantics
|
|
as the old
|
|
<B>chown</B>())
|
|
|
|
has got the same syscall number, and
|
|
<B>chown</B>()
|
|
|
|
got the newly introduced number.
|
|
<A NAME="lbAO"> </A>
|
|
<H2>EXAMPLE</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The following program changes the ownership of the file named in
|
|
its second command-line argument to the value specified in its
|
|
first command-line argument.
|
|
The new owner can be specified either as a numeric user ID,
|
|
or as a username (which is converted to a user ID by using
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+getpwnam">getpwnam</A></B>(3)
|
|
|
|
to perform a lookup in the system password file).
|
|
<A NAME="lbAP"> </A>
|
|
<H3>Program source</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/pwd.h">pwd.h</A>>
|
|
#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/stdio.h">stdio.h</A>>
|
|
#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/stdlib.h">stdlib.h</A>>
|
|
#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/unistd.h">unistd.h</A>>
|
|
<P>
|
|
int
|
|
main(int argc, char *argv[])
|
|
{
|
|
<BR> uid_t uid;
|
|
<BR> struct passwd *pwd;
|
|
<BR> char *endptr;
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR> if (argc != 3 || argv[1][0] == '\0') {
|
|
<BR> fprintf(stderr, "%s <owner> <file>\n", argv[0]);
|
|
<BR> exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
|
<BR> }
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR> uid = strtol(argv[1], &endptr, 10); /* Allow a numeric string */
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR> if (*endptr != '\0') { /* Was not pure numeric string */
|
|
<BR> pwd = getpwnam(argv[1]); /* Try getting UID for username */
|
|
<BR> if (pwd == NULL) {
|
|
<BR> perror("getpwnam");
|
|
<BR> exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
|
<BR> }
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR> uid = pwd->pw_uid;
|
|
<BR> }
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR> if (chown(argv[2], uid, -1) == -1) {
|
|
<BR> perror("chown");
|
|
<BR> exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
|
<BR> }
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR> exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAQ"> </A>
|
|
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+chgrp">chgrp</A></B>(1),
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+chown">chown</A></B>(1),
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+chmod">chmod</A></B>(2),
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+flock">flock</A></B>(2),
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+path_resolution">path_resolution</A></B>(7),
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+symlink">symlink</A></B>(7)
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAR"> </A>
|
|
<H2>COLOPHON</H2>
|
|
|
|
This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux
|
|
<I>man-pages</I>
|
|
|
|
project.
|
|
A description of the project,
|
|
information about reporting bugs,
|
|
and the latest version of this page,
|
|
can be found at
|
|
<A HREF="https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.">https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<HR>
|
|
<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="31"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="32"><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="33"><A HREF="#lbAD">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="34"><A HREF="#lbAE">fchownat()</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<DT id="35"><A HREF="#lbAF">RETURN VALUE</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="36"><A HREF="#lbAG">ERRORS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="37"><A HREF="#lbAH">VERSIONS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="38"><A HREF="#lbAI">CONFORMING TO</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="39"><A HREF="#lbAJ">NOTES</A><DD>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="40"><A HREF="#lbAK">Ownership of new files</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="41"><A HREF="#lbAL">Glibc notes</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="42"><A HREF="#lbAM">NFS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="43"><A HREF="#lbAN">Historical details</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<DT id="44"><A HREF="#lbAO">EXAMPLE</A><DD>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="45"><A HREF="#lbAP">Program source</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<DT id="46"><A HREF="#lbAQ">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="47"><A HREF="#lbAR">COLOPHON</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
This document was created by
|
|
<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
|
|
using the manual pages.<BR>
|
|
Time: 00:05:32 GMT, March 31, 2021
|
|
</BODY>
|
|
</HTML>
|