718 lines
17 KiB
HTML
718 lines
17 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Man page of FTW</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY>
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<H1>FTW</H1>
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Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (3)<BR>Updated: 2019-03-06<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
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<A NAME="lbAB"> </A>
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<H2>NAME</H2>
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ftw, nftw - file tree walk
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<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
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<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
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<PRE>
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<B>#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/ftw.h">ftw.h</A>></B>
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<B>int nftw(const char *</B><I>dirpath</I><B>,</B>
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<B> int (*</B><I>fn</I><B>) (const char *</B><I>fpath</I><B>, const struct stat *</B><I>sb</I><B>,</B>
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<B> int </B><I>typeflag</I><B>, struct FTW *</B><I>ftwbuf</I><B>),</B>
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<B> int </B><I>nopenfd</I><B>, int </B><I>flags</I><B>);</B>
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<B>#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/ftw.h">ftw.h</A>></B>
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<B>int ftw(const char *</B><I>dirpath</I><B>,</B>
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<B> int (*</B><I>fn</I><B>) (const char *</B><I>fpath</I><B>, const struct stat *</B><I>sb</I><B>,</B>
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<B> int </B><I>typeflag</I><B>),</B>
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<B> int </B><I>nopenfd</I><B>);</B>
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</PRE>
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<P>
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Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+feature_test_macros">feature_test_macros</A></B>(7)):
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<P>
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<B>nftw</B>():
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_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500
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<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
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<B>nftw</B>()
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walks through the directory tree that is
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located under the directory <I>dirpath</I>,
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and calls <I>fn</I>() once for each entry in the tree.
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By default, directories are handled before the files and
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subdirectories they contain (preorder traversal).
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<P>
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To avoid using up all of the calling process's file descriptors,
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<I>nopenfd</I> specifies the maximum number of directories that
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<B>nftw</B>()
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will hold open simultaneously.
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When
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the search depth exceeds this,
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<B>nftw</B>()
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will become slower because
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directories have to be closed and reopened.
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<B>nftw</B>()
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uses at most
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one file descriptor for each level in the directory tree.
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<P>
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For each entry found in the tree,
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<B>nftw</B>()
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calls
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<I>fn</I>() with four arguments:
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<I>fpath</I>,
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<I>sb</I>,
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<I>typeflag</I>,
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and
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<I>ftwbuf</I>.
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<I>fpath</I>
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is the pathname of the entry,
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and is expressed either as a pathname relative to the calling process's
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current working directory at the time of the call to
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<B>nftw</B>(),
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if
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<I>dirpath</I>
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was expressed as a relative pathname,
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or as an absolute pathname, if
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<I>dirpath</I>
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was expressed as an absolute pathname.
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<I>sb</I>
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is a pointer to the
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<I>stat</I>
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structure returned by a call to
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+stat">stat</A></B>(2)
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for
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<I>fpath</I>.
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<P>
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The
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<I>typeflag</I>
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argument passed to
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<I>fn</I>()
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is an integer that has one of the following values:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="1"><B>FTW_F</B>
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<DD>
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<I>fpath</I>
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is a regular file.
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<DT id="2"><B>FTW_D</B>
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<DD>
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<I>fpath</I>
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is a directory.
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<DT id="3"><B>FTW_DNR</B>
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<DD>
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<I>fpath</I>
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is a directory which can't be read.
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<DT id="4"><B>FTW_DP</B>
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<DD>
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<I>fpath</I>
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is a directory, and <B>FTW_DEPTH</B> was specified in <I>flags</I>.
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(If
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<B>FTW_DEPTH</B>
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was not specified in
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<I>flags</I>,
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then directories will always be visited with
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<I>typeflag</I>
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set to
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<B>FTW_D</B>.)
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All of the files
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and subdirectories within <I>fpath</I> have been processed.
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<DT id="5"><B>FTW_NS</B>
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<DD>
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The
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+stat">stat</A></B>(2)
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call failed on
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<I>fpath</I>,
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which is not a symbolic link.
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The probable cause for this is that the caller had read permission
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on the parent directory, so that the filename
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<I>fpath</I>
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could be seen,
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but did not have execute permission,
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so that the file could not be reached for
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+stat">stat</A></B>(2).
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The contents of the buffer pointed to by
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<I>sb</I>
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are undefined.
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<DT id="6"><B>FTW_SL</B>
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<DD>
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<I>fpath</I>
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is a symbolic link, and <B>FTW_PHYS</B> was set in <I>flags</I>.
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<DT id="7"><B>FTW_SLN</B>
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<DD>
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<I>fpath</I>
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is a symbolic link pointing to a nonexistent file.
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(This occurs only if <B>FTW_PHYS</B> is not set.)
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On most implementations, in this case the
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<I>sb</I>
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argument passed to
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<I>fn</I>()
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contains information returned by performing
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+lstat">lstat</A></B>(2)
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on the symbolic link.
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For the details on Linux, see BUGS.
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</DL>
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<P>
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The fourth argument
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(<I>ftwbuf</I>)
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that
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<B>nftw</B>()
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supplies when calling
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<I>fn</I>()
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is a pointer to a structure of type <I>FTW</I>:
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<P>
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struct FTW {
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<BR> int base;
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<BR> int level;
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};
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<P>
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<I>base</I>
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is the offset of the filename (i.e., basename component)
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in the pathname given in
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<I>fpath</I>.
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<I>level</I>
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is the depth of
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<I>fpath</I>
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in the directory tree, relative to the root of the tree
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(<I>dirpath</I>,
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which has depth 0).
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<P>
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To stop the tree walk, <I>fn</I>() returns a nonzero value; this
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value will become the return value of
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<B>nftw</B>().
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As long as <I>fn</I>() returns 0,
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<B>nftw</B>()
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will continue either until it has traversed the entire tree,
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in which case it will return zero,
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or until it encounters an error (such as a
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+malloc">malloc</A></B>(3)
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failure), in which case it will return -1.
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<P>
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Because
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<B>nftw</B>()
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uses dynamic data structures, the only safe way to
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exit out of a tree walk is to return a nonzero value from <I>fn</I>().
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To allow a signal to terminate the walk without causing a memory leak,
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have the handler set a global flag that is checked by <I>fn</I>().
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<I>Don't</I> use
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+longjmp">longjmp</A></B>(3)
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unless the program is going to terminate.
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<P>
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The <I>flags</I> argument of
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<B>nftw</B>()
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is formed by ORing zero or more of the
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following flags:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="8"><B>FTW_ACTIONRETVAL</B> (since glibc 2.3.3)
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<DD>
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If this glibc-specific flag is set, then
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<B>nftw</B>()
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handles the return value from
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<I>fn</I>()
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differently.
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<I>fn</I>()
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should return one of the following values:
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="9"><DD>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="10"><B>FTW_CONTINUE</B>
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<DD>
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Instructs
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<B>nftw</B>()
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to continue normally.
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<DT id="11"><B>FTW_SKIP_SIBLINGS</B>
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<DD>
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If <I>fn</I>() returns this value, then
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siblings of the current entry will be skipped,
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and processing continues in the parent.
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<DT id="12"><B>FTW_SKIP_SUBTREE</B>
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<DD>
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If <I>fn</I>() is called with an entry that is a directory
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(<I>typeflag</I> is <B>FTW_D</B>), this return
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value will prevent objects within that directory from being passed as
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arguments to <I>fn</I>().
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<B>nftw</B>()
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continues processing with the next sibling of the directory.
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<DT id="13"><B>FTW_STOP</B>
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<DD>
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Causes
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<B>nftw</B>()
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to return immediately with the return value
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<B>FTW_STOP</B>.
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</DL>
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<P>
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Other return values could be associated with new actions in the future;
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<I>fn</I>() should not return values other than those listed above.
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<P>
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The feature test macro
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<B>_GNU_SOURCE</B>
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must be defined
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(before including
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<I>any</I>
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header files)
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in order to
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obtain the definition of <B>FTW_ACTIONRETVAL</B> from <I><<A HREF="file:///usr/include/ftw.h">ftw.h</A>></I>.
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</DL>
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<DT id="14"><B>FTW_CHDIR</B>
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<DD>
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If set, do a
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+chdir">chdir</A></B>(2)
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to each directory before handling its contents.
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This is useful if the program needs to perform some action
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in the directory in which <I>fpath</I> resides.
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(Specifying this flag has no effect on the pathname that is passed in the
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<I>fpath</I>
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argument of
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<I>fn</I>.)
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<DT id="15"><B>FTW_DEPTH</B>
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<DD>
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If set, do a post-order traversal, that is, call <I>fn</I>() for
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the directory itself <I>after</I> handling the contents of the directory
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and its subdirectories.
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(By default, each directory is handled <I>before</I> its contents.)
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<DT id="16"><B>FTW_MOUNT</B>
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<DD>
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If set, stay within the same filesystem
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(i.e., do not cross mount points).
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<DT id="17"><B>FTW_PHYS</B>
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<DD>
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If set, do not follow symbolic links.
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(This is what you want.)
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If not set, symbolic links are followed, but no file is reported twice.
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<DT id="18"><DD>
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If <B>FTW_PHYS</B> is not set, but <B>FTW_DEPTH</B> is set,
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then the function
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<I>fn</I>()
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is never called for a directory that would be a descendant of itself.
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
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<H3>ftw()</H3>
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<B>ftw</B>()
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is an older function that offers a subset of the functionality of
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<B>nftw</B>().
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The notable differences are as follows:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="19">*<DD>
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<B>ftw</B>()
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has no
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<I>flags</I>
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argument.
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It behaves the same as when
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<B>nftw</B>()
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is called with
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<I>flags</I>
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specified as zero.
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<DT id="20">*<DD>
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The callback function,
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<I>fn</I>(),
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is not supplied with a fourth argument.
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<DT id="21">*<DD>
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The range of values that is passed via the
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<I>typeflag</I>
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argument supplied to
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<I>fn</I>()
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is smaller: just
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<B>FTW_F</B>,
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<B>FTW_D</B>,
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<B>FTW_DNR</B>,
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<B>FTW_NS</B>,
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and (possibly)
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<B>FTW_SL</B>.
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
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<H2>RETURN VALUE</H2>
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These functions return 0 on success, and -1 if an error occurs.
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<P>
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If <I>fn</I>() returns nonzero,
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then the tree walk is terminated and the value returned by <I>fn</I>()
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is returned as the result of
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<B>ftw</B>()
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or
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<B>nftw</B>().
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<P>
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If
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<B>nftw</B>()
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is called with the <B>FTW_ACTIONRETVAL</B> flag,
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then the only nonzero value that should be used by <I>fn</I>()
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to terminate the tree walk is <B>FTW_STOP</B>,
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and that value is returned as the result of
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<B>nftw</B>().
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<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
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<H2>VERSIONS</H2>
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<B>nftw</B>()
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is available under glibc since version 2.1.
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<A NAME="lbAH"> </A>
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<H2>ATTRIBUTES</H2>
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For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+attributes">attributes</A></B>(7).
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<TABLE BORDER>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>Interface</B></TD><TD><B>Attribute</B></TD><TD><B>Value</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD>
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<B>nftw</B>()
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</TD><TD>Thread safety</TD><TD>MT-Safe cwd<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD>
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<B>ftw</B>()
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</TD><TD>Thread safety</TD><TD>MT-Safe<BR></TD></TR>
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</TABLE>
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAI"> </A>
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<H2>CONFORMING TO</H2>
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POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4, SUSv1.
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POSIX.1-2008 marks
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<B>ftw</B>()
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as obsolete.
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<A NAME="lbAJ"> </A>
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<H2>NOTES</H2>
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POSIX.1-2008 notes that the results are unspecified if
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<I>fn</I>
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does not preserve the current working directory.
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<P>
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The function
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<B>nftw</B>()
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and the use of <B>FTW_SL</B> with
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<B>ftw</B>()
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were introduced in SUSv1.
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<P>
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In some implementations (e.g., glibc),
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<B>ftw</B>()
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will never use <B>FTW_SL</B>, on other systems <B>FTW_SL</B> occurs only
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for symbolic links that do not point to an existing file,
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and again on other systems
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<B>ftw</B>()
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will use <B>FTW_SL</B> for each symbolic link.
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If
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<I>fpath</I>
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is a symbolic link and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+stat">stat</A></B>(2)
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failed, POSIX.1-2008 states
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that it is undefined whether <B>FTW_NS</B> or <B>FTW_SL</B>
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is passed in
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<I>typeflag</I>.
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For predictable results, use
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<B>nftw</B>().
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<A NAME="lbAK"> </A>
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<H2>BUGS</H2>
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In the specification of
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<B>nftw</B>(),
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POSIX.1 notes that when
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<B>FTW_NS</B>
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is passed as the
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<I>typeflag</I>
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argument of
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<I>fn</I>(),
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then the contents of the buffer pointed to by the
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<I>sb</I>
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argument are undefined.
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The standard makes no such statement for the case where
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<B>FTW_SLN</B>
|
|
|
|
is passed in
|
|
<I>typeflag</I>,
|
|
|
|
with the implication that the contents of the buffer pointed to by
|
|
<I>sb</I>
|
|
|
|
are defined.
|
|
And indeed this is the case on most implementations: the buffer pointed to by
|
|
<I>sb</I>
|
|
|
|
contains the results produced by applying
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+lstat">lstat</A></B>(2)
|
|
|
|
to the symbolic link.
|
|
In early glibc, the behavior was the same.
|
|
However, since glibc 2.4, the contents of the buffer pointed to by
|
|
<I>sb</I>
|
|
|
|
are undefined when
|
|
<B>FTW_SLN</B>
|
|
|
|
is passed in
|
|
<I>typeflag</I>.
|
|
|
|
This change
|
|
<I>appears</I>
|
|
|
|
to be an unintended regression,
|
|
but it is not (yet) clear if the behavior will be restored to that
|
|
provided in the original glibc implementation (and on other implementations).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAL"> </A>
|
|
<H2>EXAMPLE</H2>
|
|
|
|
The following program traverses the directory tree under the path named
|
|
in its first command-line argument, or under the current directory
|
|
if no argument is supplied.
|
|
It displays various information about each file.
|
|
The second command-line argument can be used to specify characters that
|
|
control the value assigned to the <I>flags</I>
|
|
argument when calling
|
|
<B>nftw</B>().
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAM"> </A>
|
|
<H3>Program source</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500
|
|
#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/ftw.h">ftw.h</A>>
|
|
#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/stdio.h">stdio.h</A>>
|
|
#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/stdlib.h">stdlib.h</A>>
|
|
#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/string.h">string.h</A>>
|
|
#include <<A HREF="file:///usr/include/stdint.h">stdint.h</A>>
|
|
<P>
|
|
static int
|
|
display_info(const char *fpath, const struct stat *sb,
|
|
<BR> int tflag, struct FTW *ftwbuf)
|
|
{
|
|
<BR> printf("%-3s %2d ",
|
|
<BR> (tflag == FTW_D) ? "d" : (tflag == FTW_DNR) ? "dnr" :
|
|
<BR> (tflag == FTW_DP) ? "dp" : (tflag == FTW_F) ? "f" :
|
|
<BR> (tflag == FTW_NS) ? "ns" : (tflag == FTW_SL) ? "sl" :
|
|
<BR> (tflag == FTW_SLN) ? "sln" : "???",
|
|
<BR> ftwbuf->level);
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR> if (tflag == FTW_NS)
|
|
<BR> printf("-------");
|
|
<BR> else
|
|
<BR> printf("%7jd", (intmax_t) sb->st_size);
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR> printf(" %-40s %d %s\n",
|
|
<BR> fpath, ftwbuf->base, fpath + ftwbuf->base);
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR> return 0; /* To tell nftw() to continue */
|
|
}
|
|
<P>
|
|
int
|
|
main(int argc, char *argv[])
|
|
{
|
|
<BR> int flags = 0;
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR> if (argc > 2 && strchr(argv[2], 'd') != NULL)
|
|
<BR> flags |= FTW_DEPTH;
|
|
<BR> if (argc > 2 && strchr(argv[2], 'p') != NULL)
|
|
<BR> flags |= FTW_PHYS;
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR> if (nftw((argc < 2) ? "." : argv[1], display_info, 20, flags)
|
|
<BR> == -1) {
|
|
<BR> perror("nftw");
|
|
<BR> exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
|
<BR> }
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR> exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAN"> </A>
|
|
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+stat">stat</A></B>(2),
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+fts">fts</A></B>(3),
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+readdir">readdir</A></B>(3)
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAO"> </A>
|
|
<H2>COLOPHON</H2>
|
|
|
|
This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux
|
|
<I>man-pages</I>
|
|
|
|
project.
|
|
A description of the project,
|
|
information about reporting bugs,
|
|
and the latest version of this page,
|
|
can be found at
|
|
<A HREF="https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.">https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<HR>
|
|
<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="22"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="23"><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="24"><A HREF="#lbAD">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="25"><A HREF="#lbAE">ftw()</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<DT id="26"><A HREF="#lbAF">RETURN VALUE</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="27"><A HREF="#lbAG">VERSIONS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="28"><A HREF="#lbAH">ATTRIBUTES</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="29"><A HREF="#lbAI">CONFORMING TO</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="30"><A HREF="#lbAJ">NOTES</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="31"><A HREF="#lbAK">BUGS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="32"><A HREF="#lbAL">EXAMPLE</A><DD>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="33"><A HREF="#lbAM">Program source</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<DT id="34"><A HREF="#lbAN">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="35"><A HREF="#lbAO">COLOPHON</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
This document was created by
|
|
<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
|
|
using the manual pages.<BR>
|
|
Time: 00:05:43 GMT, March 31, 2021
|
|
</BODY>
|
|
</HTML>
|