554 lines
17 KiB
HTML
554 lines
17 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Man page of CREDENTIALS</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY>
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<H1>CREDENTIALS</H1>
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Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (7)<BR>Updated: 2019-08-02<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
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<A NAME="lbAB"> </A>
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<H2>NAME</H2>
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credentials - process identifiers
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<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
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<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
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<H3>Process ID (PID)</H3>
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Each process has a unique nonnegative integer identifier
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that is assigned when the process is created using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+fork">fork</A></B>(2).
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A process can obtain its PID using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getpid">getpid</A></B>(2).
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A PID is represented using the type
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<I>pid_t</I>
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(defined in
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<I><<A HREF="file:///usr/include/sys/types.h">sys/types.h</A>></I>).
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<P>
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PIDs are used in a range of system calls to identify the process
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affected by the call, for example:
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+kill">kill</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+ptrace">ptrace</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setpriority">setpriority</A></B>(2)
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setpgid">setpgid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setsid">setsid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+sigqueue">sigqueue</A></B>(3),
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+waitpid">waitpid</A></B>(2).
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<P>
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A process's PID is preserved across an
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+execve">execve</A></B>(2).
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<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
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<H3>Parent process ID (PPID)</H3>
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A process's parent process ID identifies the process that created
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this process using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+fork">fork</A></B>(2).
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A process can obtain its PPID using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getppid">getppid</A></B>(2).
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A PPID is represented using the type
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<I>pid_t</I>.
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<P>
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A process's PPID is preserved across an
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+execve">execve</A></B>(2).
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<A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
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<H3>Process group ID and session ID</H3>
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Each process has a session ID and a process group ID,
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both represented using the type
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<I>pid_t</I>.
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A process can obtain its session ID using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getsid">getsid</A></B>(2),
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and its process group ID using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getpgrp">getpgrp</A></B>(2).
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<P>
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A child created by
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+fork">fork</A></B>(2)
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inherits its parent's session ID and process group ID.
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A process's session ID and process group ID are preserved across an
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+execve">execve</A></B>(2).
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<P>
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Sessions and process groups are abstractions devised to support shell
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job control.
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A process group (sometimes called a "job") is a collection of
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processes that share the same process group ID;
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the shell creates a new process group for the process(es) used
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to execute single command or pipeline (e.g., the two processes
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created to execute the command "ls | wc" are placed in the
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same process group).
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A process's group membership can be set using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setpgid">setpgid</A></B>(2).
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The process whose process ID is the same as its process group ID is the
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<I>process group leader</I> for that group.
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<P>
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A session is a collection of processes that share the same session ID.
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All of the members of a process group also have the same session ID
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(i.e., all of the members of a process group always belong to the
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same session, so that sessions and process groups form a strict
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two-level hierarchy of processes.)
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A new session is created when a process calls
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setsid">setsid</A></B>(2),
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which creates a new session whose session ID is the same
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as the PID of the process that called
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setsid">setsid</A></B>(2).
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The creator of the session is called the <I>session leader</I>.
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<P>
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All of the processes in a session share a
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<I>controlling terminal</I>.
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The controlling terminal is established when the session leader
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first opens a terminal (unless the
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<B>O_NOCTTY</B>
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flag is specified when calling
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+open">open</A></B>(2)).
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A terminal may be the controlling terminal of at most one session.
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<P>
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At most one of the jobs in a session may be the
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<I>foreground job</I>;
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other jobs in the session are
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<I>background jobs</I>.
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Only the foreground job may read from the terminal;
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when a process in the background attempts to read from the terminal,
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its process group is sent a
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<B>SIGTTIN</B>
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signal, which suspends the job.
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If the
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<B>TOSTOP</B>
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flag has been set for the terminal (see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+termios">termios</A></B>(3)),
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then only the foreground job may write to the terminal;
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writes from background job cause a
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<B>SIGTTOU</B>
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signal to be generated, which suspends the job.
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When terminal keys that generate a signal (such as the
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<I>interrupt</I>
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key, normally control-C)
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are pressed, the signal is sent to the processes in the foreground job.
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<P>
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Various system calls and library functions
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may operate on all members of a process group,
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including
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+kill">kill</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+killpg">killpg</A></B>(3),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getpriority">getpriority</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setpriority">setpriority</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+ioprio_get">ioprio_get</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+ioprio_set">ioprio_set</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+waitid">waitid</A></B>(2),
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+waitpid">waitpid</A></B>(2).
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See also the discussion of the
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<B>F_GETOWN</B>,
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<B>F_GETOWN_EX</B>,
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<B>F_SETOWN</B>,
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and
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<B>F_SETOWN_EX</B>
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operations in
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+fcntl">fcntl</A></B>(2).
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<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
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<H3>User and group identifiers</H3>
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Each process has various associated user and group IDs.
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These IDs are integers, respectively represented using the types
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<I>uid_t</I>
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and
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<I>gid_t</I>
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(defined in
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<I><<A HREF="file:///usr/include/sys/types.h">sys/types.h</A>></I>).
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<P>
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On Linux, each process has the following user and group identifiers:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="1">*<DD>
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Real user ID and real group ID.
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These IDs determine who owns the process.
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A process can obtain its real user (group) ID using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getuid">getuid</A></B>(2)
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(<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getgid">getgid</A></B>(2)).
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<DT id="2">*<DD>
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Effective user ID and effective group ID.
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These IDs are used by the kernel to determine the permissions
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that the process will have when accessing shared resources such
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as message queues, shared memory, and semaphores.
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On most UNIX systems, these IDs also determine the
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permissions when accessing files.
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However, Linux uses the filesystem IDs described below
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for this task.
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A process can obtain its effective user (group) ID using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+geteuid">geteuid</A></B>(2)
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(<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getegid">getegid</A></B>(2)).
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<DT id="3">*<DD>
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Saved set-user-ID and saved set-group-ID.
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These IDs are used in set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs to save
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a copy of the corresponding effective IDs that were set when
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the program was executed (see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+execve">execve</A></B>(2)).
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A set-user-ID program can assume and drop privileges by
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switching its effective user ID back and forth between the values
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in its real user ID and saved set-user-ID.
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This switching is done via calls to
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+seteuid">seteuid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setreuid">setreuid</A></B>(2),
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or
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setresuid">setresuid</A></B>(2).
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A set-group-ID program performs the analogous tasks using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setegid">setegid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setregid">setregid</A></B>(2),
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or
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setresgid">setresgid</A></B>(2).
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A process can obtain its saved set-user-ID (set-group-ID) using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getresuid">getresuid</A></B>(2)
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(<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getresgid">getresgid</A></B>(2)).
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<DT id="4">*<DD>
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Filesystem user ID and filesystem group ID (Linux-specific).
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These IDs, in conjunction with the supplementary group IDs described
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below, are used to determine permissions for accessing files; see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+path_resolution">path_resolution</A></B>(7)
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for details.
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Whenever a process's effective user (group) ID is changed,
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the kernel also automatically changes the filesystem user (group) ID
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to the same value.
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Consequently, the filesystem IDs normally have the same values
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as the corresponding effective ID, and the semantics for file-permission
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checks are thus the same on Linux as on other UNIX systems.
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The filesystem IDs can be made to differ from the effective IDs
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by calling
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setfsuid">setfsuid</A></B>(2)
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setfsgid">setfsgid</A></B>(2).
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<DT id="5">*<DD>
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Supplementary group IDs.
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This is a set of additional group IDs that are used for permission
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checks when accessing files and other shared resources.
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On Linux kernels before 2.6.4,
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a process can be a member of up to 32 supplementary groups;
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since kernel 2.6.4,
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a process can be a member of up to 65536 supplementary groups.
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The call
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<I>sysconf(_SC_NGROUPS_MAX)</I>
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can be used to determine the number of supplementary groups
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of which a process may be a member.
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A process can obtain its set of supplementary group IDs using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getgroups">getgroups</A></B>(2),
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and can modify the set using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setgroups">setgroups</A></B>(2).
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</DL>
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<P>
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A child process created by
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+fork">fork</A></B>(2)
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inherits copies of its parent's user and groups IDs.
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During an
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+execve">execve</A></B>(2),
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a process's real user and group ID and supplementary
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group IDs are preserved;
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the effective and saved set IDs may be changed, as described in
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+execve">execve</A></B>(2).
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<P>
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Aside from the purposes noted above,
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a process's user IDs are also employed in a number of other contexts:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="6">*<DD>
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when determining the permissions for sending signals (see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+kill">kill</A></B>(2));
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<DT id="7">*<DD>
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when determining the permissions for setting
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process-scheduling parameters (nice value, real time
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scheduling policy and priority, CPU affinity, I/O priority) using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setpriority">setpriority</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+sched_setaffinity">sched_setaffinity</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+sched_setscheduler">sched_setscheduler</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+sched_setparam">sched_setparam</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+sched_setattr">sched_setattr</A></B>(2),
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+ioprio_set">ioprio_set</A></B>(2);
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<DT id="8">*<DD>
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when checking resource limits (see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getrlimit">getrlimit</A></B>(2));
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<DT id="9">*<DD>
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when checking the limit on the number of inotify instances
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that the process may create (see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+inotify">inotify</A></B>(7)).
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAH"> </A>
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<H2>CONFORMING TO</H2>
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Process IDs, parent process IDs, process group IDs, and session IDs
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are specified in POSIX.1.
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The real, effective, and saved set user and groups IDs,
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and the supplementary group IDs, are specified in POSIX.1.
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The filesystem user and group IDs are a Linux extension.
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<A NAME="lbAI"> </A>
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<H2>NOTES</H2>
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Various fields in the
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<I>/proc/[pid]/status</I>
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file show the process credentials described above.
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See
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?5+proc">proc</A></B>(5)
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for further information.
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<P>
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The POSIX threads specification requires that
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credentials are shared by all of the threads in a process.
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However, at the kernel level, Linux maintains separate user and group
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credentials for each thread.
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The NPTL threading implementation does some work to ensure
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that any change to user or group credentials
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(e.g., calls to
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setuid">setuid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setresuid">setresuid</A></B>(2))
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is carried through to all of the POSIX threads in a process.
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See
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+nptl">nptl</A></B>(7)
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for further details.
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<A NAME="lbAJ"> </A>
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<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+bash">bash</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+csh">csh</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+groups">groups</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+id">id</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+newgrp">newgrp</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+ps">ps</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+runuser">runuser</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+setpriv">setpriv</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+sg">sg</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+su">su</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+access">access</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+execve">execve</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+faccessat">faccessat</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+fork">fork</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getgroups">getgroups</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getpgrp">getpgrp</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getpid">getpid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getppid">getppid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+getsid">getsid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+kill">kill</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setegid">setegid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+seteuid">seteuid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setfsgid">setfsgid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setfsuid">setfsuid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setgid">setgid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setgroups">setgroups</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setpgid">setpgid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setresgid">setresgid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setresuid">setresuid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setsid">setsid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setuid">setuid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+waitpid">waitpid</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+euidaccess">euidaccess</A></B>(3),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+initgroups">initgroups</A></B>(3),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+killpg">killpg</A></B>(3),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+tcgetpgrp">tcgetpgrp</A></B>(3),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+tcgetsid">tcgetsid</A></B>(3),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?3+tcsetpgrp">tcsetpgrp</A></B>(3),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?5+group">group</A></B>(5),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?5+passwd">passwd</A></B>(5),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?5+shadow">shadow</A></B>(5),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+capabilities">capabilities</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+namespaces">namespaces</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+path_resolution">path_resolution</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+pid_namespaces">pid_namespaces</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+pthreads">pthreads</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+signal">signal</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+unix">unix</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+user_namespaces">user_namespaces</A></B>(7),
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|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?8+sudo">sudo</A></B>(8)
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<A NAME="lbAK"> </A>
|
|
<H2>COLOPHON</H2>
|
|
|
|
This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux
|
|
<I>man-pages</I>
|
|
|
|
project.
|
|
A description of the project,
|
|
information about reporting bugs,
|
|
and the latest version of this page,
|
|
can be found at
|
|
<A HREF="https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.">https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<HR>
|
|
<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="10"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="11"><A HREF="#lbAC">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="12"><A HREF="#lbAD">Process ID (PID)</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="13"><A HREF="#lbAE">Parent process ID (PPID)</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="14"><A HREF="#lbAF">Process group ID and session ID</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="15"><A HREF="#lbAG">User and group identifiers</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<DT id="16"><A HREF="#lbAH">CONFORMING TO</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="17"><A HREF="#lbAI">NOTES</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="18"><A HREF="#lbAJ">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="19"><A HREF="#lbAK">COLOPHON</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
This document was created by
|
|
<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
|
|
using the manual pages.<BR>
|
|
Time: 00:06:08 GMT, March 31, 2021
|
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</BODY>
|
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</HTML>
|