628 lines
16 KiB
HTML
628 lines
16 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Man page of INODE</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY>
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<H1>INODE</H1>
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Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (7)<BR>Updated: 2019-05-09<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
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<A NAME="lbAB"> </A>
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<H2>NAME</H2>
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inode - file inode information
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<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
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Each file has an inode containing metadata about the file.
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An application can retrieve this metadata using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+stat">stat</A></B>(2)
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(or related calls), which returns a
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<I>stat</I>
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structure, or
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+statx">statx</A></B>(2),
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which returns a
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<I>statx</I>
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structure.
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<P>
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The following is a list of the information typically found in,
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or associated with, the file inode,
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with the names of the corresponding structure fields returned by
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+stat">stat</A></B>(2)
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+statx">statx</A></B>(2):
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="1">Device where inode resides<DD>
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<I>stat.st_dev</I>; <I>statx.stx_dev_minor</I> and <I>statx.stx_dev_major</I>
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<DT id="2"><DD>
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Each inode (as well as the associated file) resides in a filesystem
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that is hosted on a device.
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That device is identified by the combination of its major ID
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(which identifies the general class of device)
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and minor ID (which identifies a specific instance in the general class).
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<DT id="3">Inode number<DD>
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<I>stat.st_ino</I>; <I>statx.stx_ino</I>
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<DT id="4"><DD>
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Each file in a filesystem has a unique inode number.
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Inode numbers are guaranteed to be unique only within a filesystem
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(i.e., the same inode numbers may be used by different filesystems,
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which is the reason that hard links may not cross filesystem boundaries).
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This field contains the file's inode number.
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<DT id="5">File type and mode<DD>
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<I>stat.st_mode</I>; <I>statx.stx_mode</I>
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<DT id="6"><DD>
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See the discussion of file type and mode, below.
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<DT id="7">Link count<DD>
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<I>stat.st_nlink</I>; <I>statx.stx_nlink</I>
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<DT id="8"><DD>
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This field contains the number of hard links to the file.
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Additional links to an existing file are created using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+link">link</A></B>(2).
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<DT id="9">User ID<DD>
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<I>st_uid</I>
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<I>stat.st_uid</I>; <I>statx.stx_uid</I>
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<DT id="10"><DD>
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This field records the user ID of the owner of the file.
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For newly created files,
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the file user ID is the effective user ID of the creating process.
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The user ID of a file can be changed using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+chown">chown</A></B>(2).
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<DT id="11">Group ID<DD>
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<I>stat.st_gid</I>; <I>statx.stx_gid</I>
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<DT id="12"><DD>
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The inode records the ID of the group owner of the file.
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For newly created files,
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the file group ID is either the group ID of the parent directory or
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the effective group ID of the creating process,
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depending on whether or not the set-group-ID bit
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is set on the parent directory (see below).
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The group ID of a file can be changed using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+chown">chown</A></B>(2).
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<DT id="13">Device represented by this inode<DD>
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<I>stat.st_rdev</I>; <I>statx.stx_rdev_minor</I> and <I>statx.stx_rdev_major</I>
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<DT id="14"><DD>
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If this file (inode) represents a device,
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then the inode records the major and minor ID of that device.
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<DT id="15">File size<DD>
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<I>stat.st_size</I>; <I>statx.stx_size</I>
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<DT id="16"><DD>
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This field gives the size of the file (if it is a regular
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file or a symbolic link) in bytes.
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The size of a symbolic link is the length of the pathname
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it contains, without a terminating null byte.
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<DT id="17">Preferred block size for I/O<DD>
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<I>stat.st_blksize</I>; <I>statx.stx_blksize</I>
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<DT id="18"><DD>
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This field gives the "preferred" blocksize for efficient filesystem I/O.
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(Writing to a file in smaller chunks may cause
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an inefficient read-modify-rewrite.)
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<DT id="19">Number of blocks allocated to the file<DD>
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<I>stat.st_blocks</I>; <I>statx.stx_size</I>
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<DT id="20"><DD>
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This field indicates the number of blocks allocated to the file,
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512-byte units,
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(This may be smaller than
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<I>st_size</I>/512
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when the file has holes.)
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<DT id="21"><DD>
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The POSIX.1 standard notes
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that the unit for the
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<I>st_blocks</I>
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member of the
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<I>stat</I>
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structure is not defined by the standard.
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On many implementations it is 512 bytes;
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on a few systems, a different unit is used, such as 1024.
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Furthermore, the unit may differ on a per-filesystem basis.
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<DT id="22">Last access timestamp (atime)<DD>
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<I>stat.st_atime</I>; <I>statx.stx_atime</I>
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<DT id="23"><DD>
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This is the file's last access timestamp.
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It is changed by file accesses, for example, by
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+execve">execve</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+mknod">mknod</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+pipe">pipe</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+utime">utime</A></B>(2),
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+read">read</A></B>(2)
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(of more than zero bytes).
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Other interfaces, such as
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+mmap">mmap</A></B>(2),
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may or may not update the atime timestamp
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<DT id="24"><DD>
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Some filesystem types allow mounting in such a way that file
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and/or directory accesses do not cause an update of the atime timestamp.
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(See
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<I>noatime</I>,
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<I>nodiratime</I>,
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and
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<I>relatime</I>
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in
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?8+mount">mount</A></B>(8),
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and related information in
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+mount">mount</A></B>(2).)
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In addition, the atime timestamp
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is not updated if a file is opened with the
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<B>O_NOATIME</B>
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flag; see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+open">open</A></B>(2).
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<DT id="25">File creation (birth) timestamp (btime)<DD>
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(not returned in the <I>stat</I> structure); <I>statx.stx_btime</I>
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<DT id="26"><DD>
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The file's creation timestamp.
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This is set on file creation and not changed subsequently.
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<DT id="27"><DD>
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The btime timestamp was not historically present on UNIX systems
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and is not currently supported by most Linux filesystems.
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<DT id="28">Last modification timestamp (mtime)<DD>
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<I>stat.st_mtime</I>; <I>statx.stx_mtime</I>
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<DT id="29"><DD>
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This is the file's last modification timestamp.
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It is changed by file modifications, for example, by
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+mknod">mknod</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+truncate">truncate</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+utime">utime</A></B>(2),
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+write">write</A></B>(2)
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(of more than zero bytes).
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Moreover, the mtime timestamp
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of a directory is changed by the creation or deletion of files
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in that directory.
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The mtime timestamp is
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<I>not</I>
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changed for changes in owner, group, hard link count, or mode.
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<DT id="30">Last status change timestamp (ctime)<DD>
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<I>stat.st_ctime</I>; <I>statx.stx_ctime</I>
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<DT id="31"><DD>
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This is the file's last status change timestamp.
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It is changed by writing or by setting inode information
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(i.e., owner, group, link count, mode, etc.).
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</DL>
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<P>
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The timestamp fields report time measured with a zero point at the
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<I>Epoch</I>,
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1970-01-02 00:00:00 +0000, UTC (see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+time">time</A></B>(7)).
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<P>
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Nanosecond timestamps are supported on XFS, JFS, Btrfs, and
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ext4 (since Linux 2.6.23).
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Nanosecond timestamps are not supported in ext2, ext3, and Reiserfs.
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In order to return timestamps with nanosecond precision,
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the timestamp fields in the
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<I>stat</I>
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and
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<I>statx</I>
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structures are defined as structures that include a nanosecond component.
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See
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+stat">stat</A></B>(2)
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+statx">statx</A></B>(2)
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for details.
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On filesystems that do not support subsecond timestamps,
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the nanosecond fields in the
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<I>stat</I>
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and
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<I>statx</I>
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structures are returned with the value 0.
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<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
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<H3>The file type and mode</H3>
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The
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<I>stat.st_mode</I>
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field (for
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+statx">statx</A></B>(2),
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the
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<I>statx.stx_mode</I>
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field) contains the file type and mode.
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<P>
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POSIX refers to the
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<I>stat.st_mode</I>
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bits corresponding to the mask
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<B>S_IFMT</B>
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(see below) as the
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<I>file type</I>,
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the 12 bits corresponding to the mask 07777 as the
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<I>file mode bits</I>
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and the least significant 9 bits (0777) as the
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<I>file permission bits</I>.
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<P>
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The following mask values are defined for the file type:
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<TABLE>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IFMT</B></TD><TD>0170000</TD><TD>bit mask for the file type bit field<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B></B></TD><TD></TD><TD><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IFSOCK</B></TD><TD>0140000</TD><TD>socket<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IFLNK</B></TD><TD>0120000</TD><TD>symbolic link<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IFREG</B></TD><TD>0100000</TD><TD>regular file<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IFBLK</B></TD><TD>0060000</TD><TD>block device<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IFDIR</B></TD><TD>0040000</TD><TD>directory<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IFCHR</B></TD><TD>0020000</TD><TD>character device<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IFIFO</B></TD><TD>0010000</TD><TD>FIFO<BR></TD></TR>
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</TABLE>
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<P>
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Thus, to test for a regular file (for example), one could write:
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<P>
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stat(pathname, &sb);
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if ((sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFREG) {
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<BR> /* Handle regular file */
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}
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<P>
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Because tests of the above form are common, additional
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macros are defined by POSIX to allow the test of the file type in
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<I>st_mode</I>
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to be written more concisely:
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="32"><DD>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="33"><B>S_ISREG</B>(m)
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<DD>
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is it a regular file?
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<DT id="34"><B>S_ISDIR</B>(m)
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<DD>
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directory?
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<DT id="35"><B>S_ISCHR</B>(m)
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<DD>
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character device?
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<DT id="36"><B>S_ISBLK</B>(m)
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<DD>
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block device?
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<DT id="37"><B>S_ISFIFO</B>(m)
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<DD>
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FIFO (named pipe)?
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<DT id="38"><B>S_ISLNK</B>(m)
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<DD>
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symbolic link? (Not in POSIX.1-1996.)
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<DT id="39"><B>S_ISSOCK</B>(m)
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<DD>
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socket? (Not in POSIX.1-1996.)
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</DL>
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</DL>
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<P>
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The preceding code snippet could thus be rewritten as:
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<P>
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stat(pathname, &sb);
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if (S_ISREG(sb.st_mode)) {
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<BR> /* Handle regular file */
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}
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<P>
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The definitions of most of the above file type test macros
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are provided if any of the following feature test macros is defined:
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<B>_BSD_SOURCE</B>
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(in glibc 2.19 and earlier),
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<B>_SVID_SOURCE</B>
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(in glibc 2.19 and earlier),
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or
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<B>_DEFAULT_SOURCE</B>
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(in glibc 2.20 and later).
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In addition, definitions of all of the above macros except
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<B>S_IFSOCK</B>
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and
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<B>S_ISSOCK</B>()
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are provided if
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<B>_XOPEN_SOURCE</B>
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is defined.
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<P>
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The definition of
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<B>S_IFSOCK</B>
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can also be exposed either by defining
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<B>_XOPEN_SOURCE</B>
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with a value of 500 or greater or (since glibc 2.24) by defining both
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<B>_XOPEN_SOURCE</B>
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and
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<B>_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED</B>.
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<P>
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The definition of
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<B>S_ISSOCK</B>()
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is exposed if any of the following feature test macros is defined:
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<B>_BSD_SOURCE</B>
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(in glibc 2.19 and earlier),
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<B>_DEFAULT_SOURCE</B>
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(in glibc 2.20 and later),
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<B>_XOPEN_SOURCE</B>
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with a value of 500 or greater,
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<B>_POSIX_C_SOURCE</B>
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with a value of 200112L or greater, or (since glibc 2.24) by defining both
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<B>_XOPEN_SOURCE</B>
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and
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<B>_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED</B>.
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<P>
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The following mask values are defined for
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the file mode component of the
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<I>st_mode</I>
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field:
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<TABLE>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_ISUID</B></TD><TD> 04000</TD><TD>set-user-ID bit (see <B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+execve">execve</A></B>(2))<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_ISGID</B></TD><TD> 02000</TD><TD>set-group-ID bit (see below)<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_ISVTX</B></TD><TD> 01000</TD><TD>sticky bit (see below)<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B></B></TD><TD></TD><TD><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IRWXU</B></TD><TD> 00700</TD><TD>owner has read, write, and execute permission<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IRUSR</B></TD><TD> 00400</TD><TD>owner has read permission<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IWUSR</B></TD><TD> 00200</TD><TD>owner has write permission<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IXUSR</B></TD><TD> 00100</TD><TD>owner has execute permission<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B></B></TD><TD></TD><TD><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IRWXG</B></TD><TD> 00070</TD><TD>group has read, write, and execute permission<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IRGRP</B></TD><TD> 00040</TD><TD>group has read permission<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IWGRP</B></TD><TD> 00020</TD><TD>group has write permission<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IXGRP</B></TD><TD> 00010</TD><TD>group has execute permission<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B></B></TD><TD></TD><TD><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IRWXO</B></TD><TD> 00007</TD><TD>
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others (not in group) have read, write, and execute permission
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<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IROTH</B></TD><TD> 00004</TD><TD>others have read permission<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IWOTH</B></TD><TD> 00002</TD><TD>others have write permission<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>S_IXOTH</B></TD><TD> 00001</TD><TD>others have execute permission<BR></TD></TR>
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</TABLE>
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<P>
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The set-group-ID bit
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(<B>S_ISGID</B>)
|
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|
|
has several special uses.
|
|
For a directory, it indicates that BSD semantics are to be used
|
|
for that directory: files created there inherit their group ID from
|
|
the directory, not from the effective group ID of the creating process,
|
|
and directories created there will also get the
|
|
<B>S_ISGID</B>
|
|
|
|
bit set.
|
|
For an executable file, the set-group-ID bit causes the effective group ID
|
|
of a process that executes the file to change as described in
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+execve">execve</A></B>(2).
|
|
|
|
For a file that does not have the group execution bit
|
|
(<B>S_IXGRP</B>)
|
|
|
|
set,
|
|
the set-group-ID bit indicates mandatory file/record locking.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The sticky bit
|
|
(<B>S_ISVTX</B>)
|
|
|
|
on a directory means that a file
|
|
in that directory can be renamed or deleted only by the owner
|
|
of the file, by the owner of the directory, and by a privileged
|
|
process.
|
|
<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
|
|
<H2>CONFORMING TO</H2>
|
|
|
|
If you need to obtain the definition of the
|
|
<I>blkcnt_t</I>
|
|
|
|
or
|
|
<I>blksize_t</I>
|
|
|
|
types from
|
|
<I><<A HREF="file:///usr/include/sys/stat.h">sys/stat.h</A>></I>,
|
|
|
|
then define
|
|
<B>_XOPEN_SOURCE</B>
|
|
|
|
with the value 500 or greater (before including
|
|
<I>any</I>
|
|
|
|
header files).
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
POSIX.1-1990 did not describe the
|
|
<B>S_IFMT</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>S_IFSOCK</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>S_IFLNK</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>S_IFREG</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>S_IFBLK</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>S_IFDIR</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>S_IFCHR</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>S_IFIFO</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>S_ISVTX</B>
|
|
|
|
constants, but instead specified the use of
|
|
the macros
|
|
<B>S_ISDIR</B>(),
|
|
|
|
and so on.
|
|
The
|
|
<B>S_IF*</B>
|
|
|
|
constants are present in POSIX.1-2001 and later.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
The
|
|
<B>S_ISLNK</B>()
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
<B>S_ISSOCK</B>()
|
|
|
|
macros were not in
|
|
POSIX.1-1996, but both are present in POSIX.1-2001;
|
|
the former is from SVID 4, the latter from SUSv2.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
UNIX V7 (and later systems) had
|
|
<B>S_IREAD</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>S_IWRITE</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>S_IEXEC</B>,
|
|
|
|
where POSIX
|
|
prescribes the synonyms
|
|
<B>S_IRUSR</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>S_IWUSR</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>S_IXUSR</B>.
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
|
|
<H2>NOTES</H2>
|
|
|
|
For pseudofiles that are autogenerated by the kernel, the file size
|
|
(<I>stat.st_size</I>; <I>statx.stx_size</I>)
|
|
reported by the kernel is not accurate.
|
|
For example, the value 0 is returned for many files under the
|
|
<I>/proc</I>
|
|
|
|
directory,
|
|
while various files under
|
|
<I>/sys</I>
|
|
|
|
report a size of 4096 bytes, even though the file content is smaller.
|
|
For such files, one should simply try to read as many bytes as possible
|
|
(and append '\0' to the returned buffer
|
|
if it is to be interpreted as a string).
|
|
<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
|
|
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+stat">stat</A></B>(1),
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+stat">stat</A></B>(2),
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+statx">statx</A></B>(2),
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+symlink">symlink</A></B>(7)
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="lbAH"> </A>
|
|
<H2>COLOPHON</H2>
|
|
|
|
This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux
|
|
<I>man-pages</I>
|
|
|
|
project.
|
|
A description of the project,
|
|
information about reporting bugs,
|
|
and the latest version of this page,
|
|
can be found at
|
|
<A HREF="https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.">https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<HR>
|
|
<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="40"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="41"><A HREF="#lbAC">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="42"><A HREF="#lbAD">The file type and mode</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<DT id="43"><A HREF="#lbAE">CONFORMING TO</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="44"><A HREF="#lbAF">NOTES</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="45"><A HREF="#lbAG">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="46"><A HREF="#lbAH">COLOPHON</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
This document was created by
|
|
<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
|
|
using the manual pages.<BR>
|
|
Time: 00:06:08 GMT, March 31, 2021
|
|
</BODY>
|
|
</HTML>
|