548 lines
16 KiB
HTML
548 lines
16 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Man page of NAMESPACES</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY>
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<H1>NAMESPACES</H1>
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Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (7)<BR>Updated: 2019-08-02<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
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<A NAME="lbAB"> </A>
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<H2>NAME</H2>
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namespaces - overview of Linux namespaces
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<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
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A namespace wraps a global system resource in an abstraction that
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makes it appear to the processes within the namespace that they
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have their own isolated instance of the global resource.
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Changes to the global resource are visible to other processes
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that are members of the namespace, but are invisible to other processes.
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One use of namespaces is to implement containers.
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<P>
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This page provides pointers to information on the various namespace types,
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describes the associated
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<I>/proc</I>
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files, and summarizes the APIs for working with namespaces.
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<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
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<H3>Namespace types</H3>
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<P>
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The following table shows the namespace types available on Linux.
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The second column of the table shows the flag value that is used to specify
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the namespace type in various APIs.
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The third column identifies the manual page that provides details
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on the namespace type.
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The last column is a summary of the resources that are isolated by
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the namespace type.
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<TABLE>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD><B>Namespace</B></TD><TD><B>Flag</B></TD><TD><B>Page</B></TD><TD><B>Isolates</B><BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD>Cgroup </TD><TD><B>CLONE_NEWCGROUP </B></TD><TD><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+cgroup_namespaces">cgroup_namespaces</A></B>(7) </TD><TD>Cgroup root directory<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD>IPC </TD><TD><B>CLONE_NEWIPC </B></TD><TD><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+ipc_namespaces">ipc_namespaces</A></B>(7) </TD><TD>
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System V IPC,
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<BR>
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POSIX message queues
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<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD>Network </TD><TD><B>CLONE_NEWNET </B></TD><TD><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+network_namespaces">network_namespaces</A></B>(7) </TD><TD>
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Network devices,
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<BR>
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stacks, ports, etc.
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<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD>Mount </TD><TD><B>CLONE_NEWNS </B></TD><TD><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+mount_namespaces">mount_namespaces</A></B>(7) </TD><TD>Mount points<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD>PID </TD><TD><B>CLONE_NEWPID </B></TD><TD><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+pid_namespaces">pid_namespaces</A></B>(7) </TD><TD>Process IDs<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD>User </TD><TD><B>CLONE_NEWUSER </B></TD><TD><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+user_namespaces">user_namespaces</A></B>(7) </TD><TD>User and group IDs<BR></TD></TR>
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<TR VALIGN=top><TD>UTS </TD><TD><B>CLONE_NEWUTS </B></TD><TD><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+uts_namespaces">uts_namespaces</A></B>(7) </TD><TD>
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Hostname and NIS
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<BR>
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domain name
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<BR></TD></TR>
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</TABLE>
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<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
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<H3>The namespaces API</H3>
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As well as various
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<I>/proc</I>
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files described below,
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the namespaces API includes the following system calls:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="1"><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+clone">clone</A></B>(2)
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<DD>
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The
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+clone">clone</A></B>(2)
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system call creates a new process.
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If the
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<I>flags</I>
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argument of the call specifies one or more of the
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<B>CLONE_NEW*</B>
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flags listed below, then new namespaces are created for each flag,
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and the child process is made a member of those namespaces.
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(This system call also implements a number of features
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unrelated to namespaces.)
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<DT id="2"><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setns">setns</A></B>(2)
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<DD>
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The
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setns">setns</A></B>(2)
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system call allows the calling process to join an existing namespace.
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The namespace to join is specified via a file descriptor that refers to
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one of the
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<I>/proc/[pid]/ns</I>
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files described below.
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<DT id="3"><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+unshare">unshare</A></B>(2)
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<DD>
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The
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+unshare">unshare</A></B>(2)
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system call moves the calling process to a new namespace.
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If the
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<I>flags</I>
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argument of the call specifies one or more of the
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<B>CLONE_NEW*</B>
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flags listed below, then new namespaces are created for each flag,
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and the calling process is made a member of those namespaces.
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(This system call also implements a number of features
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unrelated to namespaces.)
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<DT id="4"><B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+ioctl">ioctl</A></B>(2)
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<DD>
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Various
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+ioctl">ioctl</A></B>(2)
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operations can be used to discover information about namespaces.
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These operations are described in
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+ioctl_ns">ioctl_ns</A></B>(2).
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</DL>
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<P>
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Creation of new namespaces using
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+clone">clone</A></B>(2)
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+unshare">unshare</A></B>(2)
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in most cases requires the
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<B>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</B>
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capability, since, in the new namespace,
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the creator will have the power to change global resources
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that are visible to other processes that are subsequently created in,
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or join the namespace.
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User namespaces are the exception: since Linux 3.8,
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no privilege is required to create a user namespace.
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<A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
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<H3>The /proc/[pid]/ns/ directory</H3>
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Each process has a
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<I>/proc/[pid]/ns/</I>
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subdirectory containing one entry for each namespace that
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supports being manipulated by
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setns">setns</A></B>(2):
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<P>
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$ <B>ls -l /proc/$$/ns</B>
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total 0
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lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Apr 28 12:46 cgroup -> cgroup:[4026531835]
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lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Apr 28 12:46 ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
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lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Apr 28 12:46 mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
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lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Apr 28 12:46 net -> net:[4026531969]
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lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Apr 28 12:46 pid -> pid:[4026531836]
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lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Apr 28 12:46 pid_for_children -> pid:[4026531834]
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lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Apr 28 12:46 user -> user:[4026531837]
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lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Apr 28 12:46 uts -> uts:[4026531838]
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<P>
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Bind mounting (see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+mount">mount</A></B>(2))
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one of the files in this directory
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to somewhere else in the filesystem keeps
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the corresponding namespace of the process specified by
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<I>pid</I>
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alive even if all processes currently in the namespace terminate.
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<P>
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Opening one of the files in this directory
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(or a file that is bind mounted to one of these files)
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returns a file handle for
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the corresponding namespace of the process specified by
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<I>pid</I>.
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As long as this file descriptor remains open,
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the namespace will remain alive,
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even if all processes in the namespace terminate.
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The file descriptor can be passed to
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setns">setns</A></B>(2).
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<P>
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In Linux 3.7 and earlier, these files were visible as hard links.
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Since Linux 3.8,
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they appear as symbolic links.
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If two processes are in the same namespace,
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then the device IDs and inode numbers of their
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<I>/proc/[pid]/ns/xxx</I>
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symbolic links will be the same; an application can check this using the
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<I>stat.st_dev</I>
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and
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<I>stat.st_ino</I>
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fields returned by
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+stat">stat</A></B>(2).
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The content of this symbolic link is a string containing
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the namespace type and inode number as in the following example:
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<P>
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$ <B>readlink /proc/$$/ns/uts</B>
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uts:[4026531838]
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<P>
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The symbolic links in this subdirectory are as follows:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="5"><I>/proc/[pid]/ns/cgroup</I> (since Linux 4.6)
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<DD>
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This file is a handle for the cgroup namespace of the process.
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<DT id="6"><I>/proc/[pid]/ns/ipc</I> (since Linux 3.0)
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<DD>
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This file is a handle for the IPC namespace of the process.
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<DT id="7"><I>/proc/[pid]/ns/mnt</I> (since Linux 3.8)
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<DD>
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This file is a handle for the mount namespace of the process.
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<DT id="8"><I>/proc/[pid]/ns/net</I> (since Linux 3.0)
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<DD>
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This file is a handle for the network namespace of the process.
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<DT id="9"><I>/proc/[pid]/ns/pid</I> (since Linux 3.8)
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<DD>
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This file is a handle for the PID namespace of the process.
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This handle is permanent for the lifetime of the process
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(i.e., a process's PID namespace membership never changes).
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<DT id="10"><I>/proc/[pid]/ns/pid_for_children</I> (since Linux 4.12)
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<DD>
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This file is a handle for the PID namespace of
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child processes created by this process.
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This can change as a consequence of calls to
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+unshare">unshare</A></B>(2)
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setns">setns</A></B>(2)
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(see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+pid_namespaces">pid_namespaces</A></B>(7)),
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so the file may differ from
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<I>/proc/[pid]/ns/pid</I>.
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The symbolic link gains a value only after the first child process
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is created in the namespace.
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(Beforehand,
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+readlink">readlink</A></B>(2)
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of the symbolic link will return an empty buffer.)
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<DT id="11"><I>/proc/[pid]/ns/user</I> (since Linux 3.8)
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<DD>
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This file is a handle for the user namespace of the process.
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<DT id="12"><I>/proc/[pid]/ns/uts</I> (since Linux 3.0)
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<DD>
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This file is a handle for the UTS namespace of the process.
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</DL>
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<P>
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Permission to dereference or read
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(<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+readlink">readlink</A></B>(2))
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these symbolic links is governed by a ptrace access mode
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<B>PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS</B>
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check; see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+ptrace">ptrace</A></B>(2).
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<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
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<H3>The /proc/sys/user directory</H3>
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The files in the
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<I>/proc/sys/user</I>
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directory (which is present since Linux 4.9) expose limits
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on the number of namespaces of various types that can be created.
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The files are as follows:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="13"><I>max_cgroup_namespaces</I>
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<DD>
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The value in this file defines a per-user limit on the number of
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cgroup namespaces that may be created in the user namespace.
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<DT id="14"><I>max_ipc_namespaces</I>
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<DD>
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The value in this file defines a per-user limit on the number of
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ipc namespaces that may be created in the user namespace.
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<DT id="15"><I>max_mnt_namespaces</I>
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<DD>
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The value in this file defines a per-user limit on the number of
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mount namespaces that may be created in the user namespace.
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<DT id="16"><I>max_net_namespaces</I>
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<DD>
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The value in this file defines a per-user limit on the number of
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network namespaces that may be created in the user namespace.
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<DT id="17"><I>max_pid_namespaces</I>
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<DD>
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The value in this file defines a per-user limit on the number of
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pid namespaces that may be created in the user namespace.
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<DT id="18"><I>max_user_namespaces</I>
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<DD>
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The value in this file defines a per-user limit on the number of
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user namespaces that may be created in the user namespace.
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<DT id="19"><I>max_uts_namespaces</I>
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<DD>
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The value in this file defines a per-user limit on the number of
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uts namespaces that may be created in the user namespace.
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</DL>
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<P>
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Note the following details about these files:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="20">*<DD>
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The values in these files are modifiable by privileged processes.
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<DT id="21">*<DD>
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The values exposed by these files are the limits for the user namespace
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in which the opening process resides.
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<DT id="22">*<DD>
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The limits are per-user.
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Each user in the same user namespace
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can create namespaces up to the defined limit.
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<DT id="23">*<DD>
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The limits apply to all users, including UID 0.
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<DT id="24">*<DD>
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These limits apply in addition to any other per-namespace
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limits (such as those for PID and user namespaces) that may be enforced.
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<DT id="25">*<DD>
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Upon encountering these limits,
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+clone">clone</A></B>(2)
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+unshare">unshare</A></B>(2)
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fail with the error
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<B>ENOSPC</B>.
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<DT id="26">*<DD>
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For the initial user namespace,
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the default value in each of these files is half the limit on the number
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of threads that may be created
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(<I>/proc/sys/kernel/threads-max</I>).
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In all descendant user namespaces, the default value in each file is
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<B>MAXINT</B>.
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<DT id="27">*<DD>
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When a namespace is created, the object is also accounted
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against ancestor namespaces.
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More precisely:
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="28"><DD>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="29">+<DD>
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Each user namespace has a creator UID.
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<DT id="30">+<DD>
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When a namespace is created,
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it is accounted against the creator UIDs in each of the
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ancestor user namespaces,
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and the kernel ensures that the corresponding namespace limit
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for the creator UID in the ancestor namespace is not exceeded.
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<DT id="31">+<DD>
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The aforementioned point ensures that creating a new user namespace
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cannot be used as a means to escape the limits in force
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in the current user namespace.
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</DL>
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</DL>
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAH"> </A>
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<H3>Namespace lifetime</H3>
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Absent any other factors,
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a namespace is automatically torn down when the last process in
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the namespace terminates or leaves the namespace.
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However, there are a number of other factors that may pin
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a namespace into existence even though it has no member processes.
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These factors include the following:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="32">*<DD>
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An open file descriptor or a bind mount exists for the corresponding
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<I>/proc/[pid]/ns/*</I>
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file.
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<DT id="33">*<DD>
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The namespace is hierarchical (i.e., a PID or user namespace),
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and has a child namespace.
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<DT id="34">*<DD>
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It is a user namespace that owns one or more nonuser namespaces.
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<DT id="35">*<DD>
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It is a PID namespace,
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and there is a process that refers to the namespace via a
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<I>/proc/[pid]/ns/pid_for_children</I>
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symbolic link.
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<DT id="36">*<DD>
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It is an IPC namespace, and a corresponding mount of an
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<I>mqueue</I>
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filesystem (see
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+mq_overview">mq_overview</A></B>(7))
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refers to this namespace.
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<DT id="37">*<DD>
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It is a PID namespace, and a corresponding mount of a
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?5+proc">proc</A></B>(5)
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filesystem refers to this namespace.
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</DL>
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<A NAME="lbAI"> </A>
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<H2>EXAMPLE</H2>
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See
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+clone">clone</A></B>(2)
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and
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+user_namespaces">user_namespaces</A></B>(7).
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<A NAME="lbAJ"> </A>
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<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+nsenter">nsenter</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+readlink">readlink</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+unshare">unshare</A></B>(1),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+clone">clone</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+ioctl_ns">ioctl_ns</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+setns">setns</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?2+unshare">unshare</A></B>(2),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?5+proc">proc</A></B>(5),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+capabilities">capabilities</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+cgroup_namespaces">cgroup_namespaces</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+cgroups">cgroups</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+credentials">credentials</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+ipc_namespaces">ipc_namespaces</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+network_namespaces">network_namespaces</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+pid_namespaces">pid_namespaces</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+user_namespaces">user_namespaces</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+uts_namespaces">uts_namespaces</A></B>(7),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?8+lsns">lsns</A></B>(8),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?8+pam_namespace">pam_namespace</A></B>(8),
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?8+switch_root">switch_root</A></B>(8)
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<A NAME="lbAK"> </A>
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<H2>COLOPHON</H2>
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This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux
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<I>man-pages</I>
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|
project.
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|
A description of the project,
|
|
information about reporting bugs,
|
|
and the latest version of this page,
|
|
can be found at
|
|
<A HREF="https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.">https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.</A>
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<P>
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<HR>
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<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
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<DL>
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<DT id="38"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
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|
<DT id="39"><A HREF="#lbAC">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
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<DL>
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<DT id="40"><A HREF="#lbAD">Namespace types</A><DD>
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<DT id="41"><A HREF="#lbAE">The namespaces API</A><DD>
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|
<DT id="42"><A HREF="#lbAF">The /proc/[pid]/ns/ directory</A><DD>
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|
<DT id="43"><A HREF="#lbAG">The /proc/sys/user directory</A><DD>
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<DT id="44"><A HREF="#lbAH">Namespace lifetime</A><DD>
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</DL>
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|
<DT id="45"><A HREF="#lbAI">EXAMPLE</A><DD>
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|
<DT id="46"><A HREF="#lbAJ">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
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|
<DT id="47"><A HREF="#lbAK">COLOPHON</A><DD>
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</DL>
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<HR>
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This document was created by
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
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|
using the manual pages.<BR>
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Time: 00:06:09 GMT, March 31, 2021
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</BODY>
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</HTML>
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