778 lines
15 KiB
HTML
778 lines
15 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Man page of SS</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY>
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<H1>SS</H1>
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Section: Maintenance Commands (8)<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
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<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
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<A NAME="lbAB"> </A>
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<H2>NAME</H2>
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ss - another utility to investigate sockets
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<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
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<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
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<B>ss</B>
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[<I>options</I>]<I> [ FILTER ]</I>
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<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
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<B>ss</B>
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is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar
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to
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<I>netstat</I>.
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It can display more TCP and state information than other tools.
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<P>
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<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
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<H2>OPTIONS</H2>
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When no option is used ss displays a list of open non-listening
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sockets (e.g. TCP/UNIX/UDP) that have established connection.
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="1"><B>-h, --help</B>
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<DD>
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Show summary of options.
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<DT id="2"><B>-V, --version</B>
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<DD>
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Output version information.
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<DT id="3"><B>-H, --no-header</B>
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<DD>
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Suppress header line.
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<DT id="4"><B>-O, --oneline</B>
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<DD>
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Print each socket's data on a single line.
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<DT id="5"><B>-n, --numeric</B>
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<DD>
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Do not try to resolve service names. Show exact bandwidth values, instead of human-readable.
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<DT id="6"><B>-r, --resolve</B>
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<DD>
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Try to resolve numeric address/ports.
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<DT id="7"><B>-a, --all</B>
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<DD>
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Display both listening and non-listening (for TCP this means
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established connections) sockets.
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<DT id="8"><B>-l, --listening</B>
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<DD>
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Display only listening sockets (these are omitted by default).
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<DT id="9"><B>-o, --options</B>
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<DD>
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Show timer information. For TCP protocol, the output format is:
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="10"><DD>
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<P>
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timer:(<timer_name>,<expire_time>,<retrans>)
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="11"><B><timer_name></B>
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<DD>
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the name of the timer, there are five kind of timer names:
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="12"><DD>
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<P>
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<B>on</B>
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: means one of these timers: TCP retrans timer, TCP early retrans
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timer and tail loss probe timer
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<P>
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<B>keepalive</B>: tcp keep alive timer
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<P>
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<B>timewait</B>: timewait stage timer
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<P>
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<B>persist</B>: zero window probe timer
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<P>
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<B>unknown</B>: none of the above timers
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</DL>
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<DT id="13"><B><expire_time></B>
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<DD>
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how long time the timer will expire
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="14"><B><retrans></B>
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<DD>
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how many times the retransmission occured
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</DL>
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</DL>
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<DT id="15"><B>-e, --extended</B>
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<DD>
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Show detailed socket information. The output format is:
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="16"><DD>
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<P>
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uid:<uid_number> ino:<inode_number> sk:<cookie>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="17"><B><uid_number></B>
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<DD>
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the user id the socket belongs to
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="18"><B><inode_number></B>
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<DD>
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the socket's inode number in VFS
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="19"><B><cookie></B>
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<DD>
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an uuid of the socket
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</DL>
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</DL>
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<DT id="20"><B>-m, --memory</B>
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<DD>
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Show socket memory usage. The output format is:
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="21"><DD>
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<P>
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skmem:(r<rmem_alloc>,rb<rcv_buf>,t<wmem_alloc>,tb<snd_buf>,
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<BR>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="22"><DD>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="23"><DD>
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f<fwd_alloc>,w<wmem_queued>,o<opt_mem>,
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</DL>
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</DL>
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<BR>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="24"><DD>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="25"><DD>
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bl<back_log>,d<sock_drop>)
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</DL>
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="26"><B><rmem_alloc></B>
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<DD>
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the memory allocated for receiving packet
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="27"><B><rcv_buf></B>
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<DD>
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the total memory can be allocated for receiving packet
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="28"><B><wmem_alloc></B>
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<DD>
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the memory used for sending packet (which has been sent to layer 3)
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="29"><B><snd_buf></B>
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<DD>
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the total memory can be allocated for sending packet
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="30"><B><fwd_alloc></B>
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<DD>
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the memory allocated by the socket as cache, but not used for
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receiving/sending packet yet. If need memory to send/receive packet,
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the memory in this cache will be used before allocate additional
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memory.
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="31"><B><wmem_queued></B>
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<DD>
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The memory allocated for sending packet (which has not been sent to layer 3)
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="32"><B><ropt_mem></B>
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<DD>
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The memory used for storing socket option, e.g., the key for TCP MD5 signature
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="33"><B><back_log></B>
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<DD>
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The memory used for the sk backlog queue. On a process context, if the
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process is receiving packet, and a new packet is received, it will be
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put into the sk backlog queue, so it can be received by the process
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immediately
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="34"><B><sock_drop></B>
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<DD>
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the number of packets dropped before they are de-multiplexed into the socket
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</DL>
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</DL>
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<DT id="35"><B>-p, --processes</B>
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<DD>
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Show process using socket.
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<DT id="36"><B>-i, --info</B>
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<DD>
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Show internal TCP information. Below fields may appear:
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="37"><DD>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="38"><B>ts</B>
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<DD>
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show string "ts" if the timestamp option is set
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="39"><B>sack</B>
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<DD>
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show string "sack" if the sack option is set
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="40"><B>ecn</B>
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<DD>
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show string "ecn" if the explicit congestion notification option is set
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="41"><B>ecnseen</B>
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<DD>
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show string "ecnseen" if the saw ecn flag is found in received packets
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="42"><B>fastopen</B>
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<DD>
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show string "fastopen" if the fastopen option is set
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="43"><B>cong_alg</B>
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<DD>
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the congestion algorithm name, the default congestion algorithm is "cubic"
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="44"><B>wscale:<snd_wscale>:<rcv_wscale></B>
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<DD>
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if window scale option is used, this field shows the send scale factor
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and receive scale factor
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="45"><B>rto:<icsk_rto></B>
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<DD>
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tcp re-transmission timeout value, the unit is millisecond
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="46"><B>backoff:<icsk_backoff></B>
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<DD>
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used for exponential backoff re-transmission, the actual
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re-transmission timeout value is icsk_rto << icsk_backoff
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="47"><B>rtt:<rtt>/<rttvar></B>
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<DD>
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rtt is the average round trip time, rttvar is the mean deviation of
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rtt, their units are millisecond
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="48"><B>ato:<ato></B>
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<DD>
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ack timeout, unit is millisecond, used for delay ack mode
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="49"><B>mss:<mss></B>
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<DD>
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max segment size
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="50"><B>cwnd:<cwnd></B>
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<DD>
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congestion window size
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="51"><B>pmtu:<pmtu></B>
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<DD>
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path MTU value
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="52"><B>ssthresh:<ssthresh></B>
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<DD>
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tcp congestion window slow start threshold
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="53"><B>bytes_acked:<bytes_acked></B>
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<DD>
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bytes acked
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="54"><B>bytes_received:<bytes_received></B>
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<DD>
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bytes received
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="55"><B>segs_out:<segs_out></B>
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<DD>
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segments sent out
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="56"><B>segs_in:<segs_in></B>
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<DD>
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segments received
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="57"><B>send <send_bps>bps</B>
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<DD>
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egress bps
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="58"><B>lastsnd:<lastsnd></B>
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<DD>
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how long time since the last packet sent, the unit is millisecond
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="59"><B>lastrcv:<lastrcv></B>
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<DD>
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how long time since the last packet received, the unit is millisecond
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="60"><B>lastack:<lastack></B>
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<DD>
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how long time since the last ack received, the unit is millisecond
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="61"><B>pacing_rate <pacing_rate>bps/<max_pacing_rate>bps</B>
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<DD>
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the pacing rate and max pacing rate
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="62"><B>rcv_space:<rcv_space></B>
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<DD>
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a helper variable for TCP internal auto tuning socket receive buffer
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</DL>
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</DL>
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<DT id="63"><B>--tos</B>
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<DD>
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Show ToS and priority information. Below fields may appear:
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="64"><DD>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="65"><B>tos</B>
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<DD>
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IPv4 Type-of-Service byte
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="66"><B>tclass</B>
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<DD>
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IPv6 Traffic Class byte
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="67"><B>class_id</B>
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<DD>
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Class id set by net_cls cgroup. If class is zero this shows priority
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set by SO_PRIORITY.
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</DL>
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</DL>
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<DT id="68"><B>-K, --kill</B>
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<DD>
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Attempts to forcibly close sockets. This option displays sockets that are
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successfully closed and silently skips sockets that the kernel does not support
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closing. It supports IPv4 and IPv6 sockets only.
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<DT id="69"><B>-s, --summary</B>
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<DD>
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Print summary statistics. This option does not parse socket lists obtaining
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summary from various sources. It is useful when amount of sockets is so huge
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that parsing /proc/net/tcp is painful.
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<DT id="70"><B>-E, --events</B>
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<DD>
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Continually display sockets as they are destroyed
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<DT id="71"><B>-Z, --context</B>
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<DD>
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As the
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<B>-p</B>
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option but also shows process security context.
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<P>
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For
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<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?7+netlink">netlink</A></B>(7)
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sockets the initiating process context is displayed as follows:
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="72"><DD>
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<DL COMPACT><DT id="73"><DD>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT id="74">1.<DD>
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If valid pid show the process context.
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<DT id="75">2.<DD>
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If destination is kernel (pid = 0) show kernel initial context.
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<DT id="76">3.<DD>
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If a unique identifier has been allocated by the kernel or netlink user,
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show context as "unavailable". This will generally indicate that a
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process has more than one netlink socket active.
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</DL>
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</DL>
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</DL>
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<DT id="77"><B>-z, --contexts</B>
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<DD>
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As the
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<B>-Z</B>
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option but also shows the socket context. The socket context is
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taken from the associated inode and is not the actual socket
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context held by the kernel. Sockets are typically labeled with the
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context of the creating process, however the context shown will reflect
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any policy role, type and/or range transition rules applied,
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and is therefore a useful reference.
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<DT id="78"><B>-N NSNAME, --net=NSNAME</B>
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<DD>
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Switch to the specified network namespace name.
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<DT id="79"><B>-b, --bpf</B>
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<DD>
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Show socket BPF filters (only administrators are allowed to get these
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information).
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<DT id="80"><B>-4, --ipv4</B>
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<DD>
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Display only IP version 4 sockets (alias for -f inet).
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<DT id="81"><B>-6, --ipv6</B>
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<DD>
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Display only IP version 6 sockets (alias for -f inet6).
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<DT id="82"><B>-0, --packet</B>
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<DD>
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Display PACKET sockets (alias for -f link).
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<DT id="83"><B>-t, --tcp</B>
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<DD>
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Display TCP sockets.
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<DT id="84"><B>-u, --udp</B>
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<DD>
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Display UDP sockets.
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<DT id="85"><B>-d, --dccp</B>
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<DD>
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Display DCCP sockets.
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<DT id="86"><B>-w, --raw</B>
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<DD>
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|
Display RAW sockets.
|
|
<DT id="87"><B>-x, --unix</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Display Unix domain sockets (alias for -f unix).
|
|
<DT id="88"><B>-S, --sctp</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Display SCTP sockets.
|
|
<DT id="89"><B>--vsock</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Display vsock sockets (alias for -f vsock).
|
|
<DT id="90"><B>--xdp</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Display XDP sockets (alias for -f xdp).
|
|
<DT id="91"><B>-f FAMILY, --family=FAMILY</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Display sockets of type FAMILY. Currently the following families are
|
|
supported: unix, inet, inet6, link, netlink, vsock, xdp.
|
|
<DT id="92"><B>-A QUERY, --query=QUERY, --socket=QUERY</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
List of socket tables to dump, separated by commas. The following identifiers
|
|
are understood: all, inet, tcp, udp, raw, unix, packet, netlink, unix_dgram,
|
|
unix_stream, unix_seqpacket, packet_raw, packet_dgram, dccp, sctp,
|
|
vsock_stream, vsock_dgram, xdp Any item in the list may optionally be
|
|
prefixed by an exclamation mark
|
|
(<B>!</B>)
|
|
|
|
to exclude that socket table from being dumped.
|
|
<DT id="93"><B>-D FILE, --diag=FILE</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Do not display anything, just dump raw information about TCP sockets
|
|
to FILE after applying filters. If FILE is - stdout is used.
|
|
<DT id="94"><B>-F FILE, --filter=FILE</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Read filter information from FILE. Each line of FILE is interpreted
|
|
like single command line option. If FILE is - stdin is used.
|
|
<DT id="95"><B>FILTER := [ state STATE-FILTER ] [ EXPRESSION ]</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Please take a look at the official documentation for details regarding filters.
|
|
<P>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
|
|
<H2>STATE-FILTER</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<B>STATE-FILTER</B>
|
|
|
|
allows to construct arbitrary set of states to match. Its syntax is
|
|
sequence of keywords state and exclude followed by identifier of
|
|
state.
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="96">Available identifiers are:<DD>
|
|
<P>
|
|
All standard TCP states:
|
|
<B>established</B>, <B>syn-sent</B>, <B>syn-recv</B>, <B>fin-wait-1</B>, <B>fin-wait-2</B>, <B>time-wait</B>, <B>closed</B>, <B>close-wait</B>, <B>last-ack</B>,
|
|
|
|
<B>listening</B> and <B>closing.</B>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<B>all</B>
|
|
|
|
- for all the states
|
|
<P>
|
|
<B>connected</B>
|
|
|
|
- all the states except for
|
|
<B>listening</B> and <B>closed</B>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<B>synchronized</B>
|
|
|
|
- all the
|
|
<B>connected</B>
|
|
|
|
states except for
|
|
<B>syn-sent</B>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<B>bucket</B>
|
|
|
|
- states, which are maintained as minisockets, i.e.
|
|
<B>time-wait</B> and <B>syn-recv</B>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<B>big</B>
|
|
|
|
- opposite to
|
|
<B>bucket</B>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
|
|
<H2>USAGE EXAMPLES</H2>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
<DT id="97"><B>ss -t -a</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Display all TCP sockets.
|
|
<DT id="98"><B>ss -t -a -Z</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Display all TCP sockets with process SELinux security contexts.
|
|
<DT id="99"><B>ss -u -a</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Display all UDP sockets.
|
|
<DT id="100"><B>ss -o state established '( dport = :ssh or sport = :ssh )'</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Display all established ssh connections.
|
|
<DT id="101"><B>ss -x src /tmp/.X11-unix/*</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Find all local processes connected to X server.
|
|
<DT id="102"><B>ss -o state fin-wait-1 '( sport = :http or sport = :https )' dst 193.233.7/24</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
List all the tcp sockets in state FIN-WAIT-1 for our apache to network
|
|
193.233.7/24 and look at their timers.
|
|
<DT id="103"><B>ss -a -A 'all,!tcp'</B>
|
|
|
|
<DD>
|
|
List sockets in all states from all socket tables but TCP.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<A NAME="lbAH"> </A>
|
|
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
|
|
|
|
<B><A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html?8+ip">ip</A></B>(8),
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
<B>RFC</B> 793
|
|
|
|
- <A HREF="https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc793.txt">https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc793.txt</A> (TCP states)
|
|
<P>
|
|
<A NAME="lbAI"> </A>
|
|
<H2>AUTHOR</H2>
|
|
|
|
<I>ss</I>
|
|
|
|
was written by Alexey Kuznetsov, <<A HREF="mailto:kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru">kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru</A>>.
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
This manual page was written by Michael Prokop <<A HREF="mailto:mika@grml.org">mika@grml.org</A>>
|
|
for the Debian project (but may be used by others).
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<HR>
|
|
<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT id="104"><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="105"><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="106"><A HREF="#lbAD">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="107"><A HREF="#lbAE">OPTIONS</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="108"><A HREF="#lbAF">STATE-FILTER</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="109"><A HREF="#lbAG">USAGE EXAMPLES</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="110"><A HREF="#lbAH">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
|
|
<DT id="111"><A HREF="#lbAI">AUTHOR</A><DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
This document was created by
|
|
<A HREF="/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
|
|
using the manual pages.<BR>
|
|
Time: 00:06:16 GMT, March 31, 2021
|
|
</BODY>
|
|
</HTML>
|